亚开行-加强积极的劳动力市场政策推动亚洲包容性复苏（英）-2022.11-106正式版

Edited by Linda Arthur and Derek Hondo ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK INSTITUTESTRENGTHENING ACTIVE LABOR MARKET POLICIES TO DRIVE AN INCLUSIVE RECOVERY IN ASIAStrengthening Active Labor Market Policies to Drive an Inclusive Recovery in AsiaEdited by Linda Arthur and Derek HondoASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK INSTITUTE 2022 Asian Development Bank Institute All rights reserved.ISBN 978-4-89974-265-4(Print)ISBN 978-4-89974-266-1(PDF)DOI:https:/doi.org/10.56506/UUWL4644The views in this publication do not necessarily reflect the views and policies of the Asian Development Bank Institute(ADBI),its Advisory Council,ADBs Board or Governors,or the governments of ADB members.ADBI does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this publication and accepts no responsibility for any consequence of their use.ADBI uses proper ADB member names and abbreviations throughout and any variation or inaccuracy,including in citations and references,should be read as referring to the correct name.By making any designation of or reference to a particular territory or geographic area,or by using the term“recognize,”“country,”or other geographical names in this publication,ADBI does not intend to make any judgments as to the legal or other status of any territory or area.Users are restricted from reselling,redistributing,or creating derivative works without the express,written consent of ADBI.The Asian Development Bank recognizes“China”as the Peoples Republic of China;“Hong Kong”as Hong Kong,China;“Korea”as the Republic of Korea;“Macao”as Macau,China;“Britain”as the United Kingdom;and“Vietnam”as Viet Nam.Note:In this publication,“$”refers to United States dollars.Asian Development Bank Institute Kasumigaseki Building 8F 3-2-5,Kasumigaseki,Chiyoda-ku Tokyo 100-6008,Japan www.adbi.orgiiiCONTENTSTables,Figures,and Box ivAbbreviations viContributors vii Acknowledgments viii Introduction ixLinda Arthur and Derek Hondo Building Resilient Active Labor Market Policies Addressing the Fault Lines in Sri Lankas Human Capital Base for COVID-19 and Beyond 1 Poongothai Venuganan Active Labor Market Policies in Developing Asia:Case Study of India 20 Partha Pratim Mitra3 Differential Impact of Vocational Training on Earnings of Different Types of Employment:An Analysis of Indias Economy 37 Indrajit Bairagya Improving Technical and Vocational Education and Training for Youth Effectiveness of Vocational Training Programs in Achieving Decent Work for Youth:The Case of Sri Lanka 53 N.P.Dammika Padmakanthi Unlucky Generation:The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on the Youth Labor Market 69 Sasiwimon Warunsiri Paweenawat and Lusi LiaoConclusion 90 Part I123 Part II45ivTABLES,FIGURES,AND BOXTABLES1.1 Composition of Employment in Formal and Informal Sector,2020 121.2 Distribution of Informal and Formal Sector Employment by Main Occupation,2020 131.3 Distribution of Informal Sector Employment by Level of Education,2020 132.1 Regional Classification of States Considered for the Study 243.1 Impact of Formal Vocational Training and Informal Vocational Training on Participation in Different Types of Employment in India:Multinomial Logit Estimates 433.2 Impact of Formal Vocational Training and Informal Vocational Training on the Earnings of Different Types of Employment 463.3 Impact of Formal and Informal Vocational Training on the Earnings across Quantiles of Self-Employment in India 474.1 Labor Market Characteristics in Sri Lanka 544.2 Different Industry Sectors with Training Programs Conducted by the Department of Technical Education and Training 574.3 Results of the Probit Model 614.4 Results of the Regression Model 624.5 Education Level of Unemployed Youth,Sri Lanka 634.6 Age Distribution of Unemployed Youth 644.7 Results of the Factor Analysis 655.1 Unemployment Rate by Age and Gender during Major Crises in Thailand 725.2 Quarterly GDP,Inflation Rate,and Unemployment Rate in Thailand,20202021 735.3 Basic Statistics of Young and Old Workers by Quarter,20202021 735.4 Monthly Unemployment Rate,Working Hours,and Wage of Young and Old Workers,20202021 74FIGURES1.1 Comparison of Sectoral Contribution to Gross Domestic Product and Share of Employment 21.2 Trends in GDP Growth and Unemployment 31.3 Share of Unemployed Persons by Level of Education 41.4 Recent Trends in Youth Unemployment 51.5 Unemployment Rate by Age Group,2021 51.6 Status of Employment,19902020 61.7 Trends in Labor Force Participation 61.8 Composition of Government University Graduates by Discipline 81.9 Global Female Labor Force Participation Rates 92.1 Aspects of MGNREGA 212.2 Labor Force Participation Rate:Usual Status 15 Years and Above,2017/18,2018/19,and 2019/20 252.3 Worker Population Ratio:Usual Status 15 Years and Above,2017/18,2018/19,and 2019/20 272.4 Unemployment Rates:Usual Status 15 Years and Above,2017/18,2018/19,and 2019/20 292.5 Regions Recording Higher Increase in ITI Seats Compared to National Average(2019 over 2018)312.6 Regional Variations(2018/19):Agriculture,Industry,and Urbanizatio