亚开行-减缓气候变化：亚洲的政策和经验教训（英）-2022.11-356正式版

ADBI Series on Asian and Pacific Sustainable Development CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION Policies and Lessons for Asia Edited by Dina Azhgaliyeva and Dil B. Rahut ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK INSTITUTE ADBI Series on Asian and Pacific Sustainable Development Series Editors: Tetsushi Sonobe and Rohini Pande Economic growth, poverty reduction, and living standards in Asia and the Pacific have improved dramatically in recent decades, but the region now faces a diverse range of new and ongoing challenges. The ADBI Series on Asian and Pacific Sustainable Development highlights innovative research and policy guidance for enabling greater socioeconomic progress amid fast-changing conditions. The series aims to be a forward-looking and impactful source of knowledge for policy makers and scholars interested in building a prosperous, inclusive, resilient, and sustainable Asia and the Pacific. Climate Change Mitigation: Policies and Lessons for Asia Edited by Dina Azhgaliyeva and Dil B. Rahut ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK INSTITUTE © 2022 Asian Development Bank Institute All rights reserved. ISBN 978-4-89974-267-8 (Print) ISBN 978-4-89974-268-5 (PDF) DOI: https://doi.org/10.56506/OJYG4210 The views in this publication do not necessarily reflect the views and policies of the Asian Development Bank Institute (ADBI), its Advisory Council, ADB’s Board or Governors, or the governments of ADB members. ADBI does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this publication and accepts no responsibility for any consequence of their use. ADBI uses proper ADB member names and abbreviations throughout and any variation or inaccuracy, including in citations and references, should be read as referring to the correct name. By making any designation of or reference to a particular territory or geographic area, or by using the term “recognize,” “country,” or other geographical names in this publication, ADBI does not intend to make any judgments as to the legal or other status of any territory or area. Users are restricted from reselling, redistributing, or creating derivative works without the express, written consent of ADBI. ADB recognizes “China” as the People’s Republic of China; and “Korea” as the Republic of Korea. Note: In this publication, “$” refers to United States dollars. Cover photo credits: Ben Ray, Dina Azhgaliyeva, Dil B. Rahut Asian Development Bank Institute Kasumigaseki Building 8F 3-2-5, Kasumigaseki, Chiyoda-ku Tokyo 100-6008, Japan www.adbi.org Contents Tables, Figures, and Boxes v Abbreviations x Contributors xii Foreword xiv Acknowledgments xv Executive Summary xvi Dina Azhgaliyeva and Dil B. Rahut Introduction 1 Dil B. Rahut and Dina Azhgaliyeva PART I  Energy Sector: Transition toward High Renewable Energy Penetration 1 Financing the Energy Transition in a Low-Cost Intermittent Renewable Energy Environment 19 Frank Wolak PART II  Buildings: Promoting and Financing Demand-Side Energy Efficiency 2 Future-Proofing Sustainable Cooling Demand 57 Toby Peters and Leyla Sayin 3 Promoting Green Buildings: Barriers, Solutions, and Policies 85 Dina Azhgaliyeva and Dil B. Rahut PART III  Transport Sector: Promoting Cleaner Transportation 4 Transport CO2 Mitigation and the Production of Low Traffic Neighborhoods: Lessons from London 133 Robin Hickman and Andrey Afonin 5 Decarbonizing the Transport Sector through Electrification and Biofuel Use in Emerging Economies of Asia 163 Venkatachalam Anbumozhi, Citra Endah Nur Setyawati, and Rafi Aquary  iii iv Contents PART IV  Decarbonizing through the Agriculture Sector 6 Contribution of Agriculture to Climate Change and Low-Emissions Agricultural Development in Asia and the Pacific 203 Jeetendra Prakash Aryal 7 Best Bets for Achieving a Carbon-Neutral Global Food System 237 David Lobell PART V Carbon Pricing 8 Exploiting Complementarity of Carbon Pricing Instruments for Low-Carbon Development in the People’s Republic of China 269 Jie Wu, Ying Fan, Govinda Timilsina, and Yan Xia 9 What Role for Carbon Taxes and Emissions Trading in a Portfolio of Policies to Reduce Greenhouse Gas Emissions? 300 Frank Jotzo and Dina Azhgaliyeva Tables, Figures, and Boxes Tables I.1 GHG Emissions by Country 4 3.1 Considerations for Policies Supporting Green Buildings 95 B3.1 Key Policies of Green Buildings in the PRC 97 3.2 Examples of Tax Incentives to Promote Energy Efficiency Improvements in Buildings 108 3.3 Example Grants for Energy Efficiency Improvements in Buildings 110 3.4 Example Policies Promoting Ener