备战2022年高考英语一轮考点微专题14 定语从句(原卷版)

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考向14 定语从句 考向一 关系代词引导的定语从句 一、常见关系代词的基本用法 1. that 可指人或物;在定语从句中作主语,宾语,表语。指人时,相当于who或whom;指物时,相当于which。不能引导非限制性定语从句;不可置于介词后作宾语。 2. which 指物;在定语从句中作主语,宾语。如: The book which/that was on the desk was bought by my father.(主语) 3. who, whom, whose (1)who: 主格, 在从句中作主语,只可指人 (2)whom: 宾格,在从句中只能作宾语;只可指人 (3) whose: 表所属关系,在从句中作定语。译为:某人的,某物的 (4)whose + 名词 =the + n. + of which (某物的) = he + n. + of whom (某人的) 注意: ① 关系代词作介词宾语(在定语从句中,介词提前时,介词后:表人用 whom;表物用 which) ② 关系代词在定语从句中用作介词宾语时,介词可放于从句之首,也可放于从句之末。但以放于句首较为正式。(介词前置,必须注意不影响动词词组的含义。关系代词who和that用作介词宾语时,介词必须放在句末。) 4. as as引导定语从句,在定语从句中作主语、宾语、表语 (1)如为限制性的,多用于the same …as ; the same as(与……相同);such …as …(如此,这样); as many/much as(和……一样多);so/as …as(与……一样)等结构中。如: (2)如为非限制性的,as还可以单独引导一个定语从句,代替整个主句,这种定语从句可置于句首,句中或句尾,译为"正如,这一点"。(动词常为know, see, expect, point out, etc.) As we all know, smoking is harmful to one’s health. (as作宾语) 众所周知,吸烟有害健康。 【典例分析】 1.(2020﹒江苏)Many lessons are now available online, from _____ students can choose for free. A. whose B. which C. when D. whom 【答案】B 【解析】考查定语从句。句意:许多课程现在都可以在网上找到,学生们可以从中免费选择。此处是非限定性定语从句,先行词是many lessons,关系词在从句中做介词from的宾语,应使用关系代词which引导。故选B。 2.(2020﹒天津)Dr. Rowan, ______ secretary resigned two weeks ago, has had to do all his own typing. A. whose B. of whom C. of which D. which 【答案】A 【解析】考查定语从句。句意:罗文博士的秘书两周前辞职了,他现在只能自己打字。______ secretary resigned two weeks ago是非限制性定语从句,修饰Dr. Rowan,引导词在从句中作定语,表示”Dr. Rowan’s “,表示”……的”,应用关系代词whose引导该从句,故选A。 3. (2019·新课标III卷·语法填空)They were well trained by their masters ___64___ had great experience with caring for these animals. 【答案】who 【解析】考查定语从句。句意:它们被他们的主人训练地很好,它们的主人在照顾这些动物方面很有经验。先行词为masters(主人),且从句缺主语。故关系词填who。 4.(2019· 浙江卷·语法填空)On the edge of the jacket, there is a piece of cloth ___58___ gives off light in the dark. 【答案】that/which 【解析】考查定语从句。这是个限制性定语从句,先行词是cloth,指物,从句中缺少主语,因此,可以用that或which引导。故填that/which。 二、that、 which只能用其中一个的情况 1. 只能用that,不能用which的情况 (1)先行词是all,something,everything,anything,nothing,little,much,few等不定代词或先行词被all,any,every,no,little,much,some等词修饰。 ☞All the people that come from the country work much harder. 所有来自农村的人工作都更努力得多。 (2)先行词被序数词、 形容词最高级、the only,the very,the last等修饰时,关系代词通常只用that,不用which。如: ☞The first English novel that I read was Cities. 我读的第一本英文小说是《城市》。 ☞This is one of the most exciting football games that I have ever seen. 这是我见过的最激动人心的足球比赛之一。 ☞This is the only thing that we can do now. 这是我们现在惟一能做的事情。 (3)先行词既有人又有物时,关系代词只用that,不用which。如: ☞The scientist and his achievements that you told me about are admired by us all. 我们所有人都钦佩你告诉我的那位科学家和他所取得的成就。 ☞The foreign visitors spoke highly of the pioneers and their performances that they saw at the Children’s Palace. 外国游客高度赞扬了他们在少年宫所看到的少先队员以及他们的表演。 (4) 关系代词在限定性定语从句中作表语并带有类比含义时,通常只用that,不用which。如: ☞He is no longer the star that he was. 他不再是过去的那位明星了。 ☞Our school is no longer the school that it used to be. 我们的学校不再是以前的那所学校了。 (5) 句中其他位置已出现which, 为避免重复, 不用which而用that引导限定性定语从句。如: ☞Which is the car that has overtaken us? 超过我们的是哪辆车? 2. 只用which,不能用that的情况 (1) 在介词提前到关系代词之前形成"介词+关系代词"结构来修饰表事物的先行词时, 关系代词必须用which。如: ☞The house in which we live is very large. 我们住的房子非常大。 ☞This is the reference book of which the teacher is speaking. 这就是老师正在谈及的那本参考书。 注意: 如果介词不放在修饰事物的限定性定语从句的句首, which就可换为that, 如: ☞This is the question which/that we’ve had so much discussion about. =This is the question about which we’ve had so much discussion. 这就是我们已经多次讨论过的问题。 (2) 先行词为"those+表事物的复数名词"时, 关系代词通常只用which而不用that。例如: ☞Students should keep in mind those regulations which restrict their behavior. 学生应牢记那些规范自己的行为准则。 ☞A bookshop should deal with a variety of those best sellers which are newly published. 书店应该经营新出版的各种畅销书。 (3)当先行词指物,关系词在句中作主语或宾语,引导非限制性定语从句的关系词只能用which,而不用that。 【典例分析】 1.(2019﹒北京)The students benefiting most from college are those ___9___ are totally engaged(参与)in academic life. 【答案】who/that 【解析】考查定语从句。句意:从大学中获益最多的学生是那些完全投入学术生活的学生。___3___ are totally engaged(参与)in academic life.是定语从句,修饰先行词those,空格处在句中作主语,代指人,故填who或that。 2.(2017· 新课标卷I·语法填空)Like anything, it is possible to have too much of both, 70 is not good for the health. 【参考答案】 which 【答案解析】句意:很可能摄入过多的脂肪和盐,那对健康没有好处。分析可知which is not good for the health为非限制性定语从句,先行词是前面的整句话。 3. (2017· 新课标卷II· 短文改错)In their spare time, they are interesting(改为interested) in planting vegetables in their garden, that is on the rooftop of their house. 【参考答案】 which 【答案解析】非限制性定语从句需要用which引导,故将that改为which。 考向二 关系副词引导的定语从句 1. 关系副词when,where,why的先行词是表示时间、地点或原因(一般为reason)的名词,在从句中作状语。有时可用"介词+which"结构替换。 ☞I still remember the day when I first came to Beijing. 我还记得我第一次来北京的那天。 2. 当定语从句中缺少主语或宾语时,即使先行词是表示时间、地点和原因的词仍用which/that。 ☞Is this the reason (that) he explained for his rudeness at the meeting? 这是他在会议上解释的无礼的原因吗? 3. 当先行词为一些表示抽象地点的名词,如:point,situation,case,stage等,如果引导词在从句中作状语,常用关系副词where引导定语从句;如果不作状语,则用关系代词that/which。 ☞The media can often help solve problems and draw attention to situations where help is needed. 媒体经常能够帮助解决问题,把注意力吸引到需要帮助的情况。 关系代词和关系副词的选择 用法 依据
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