教学ppt课件：《国际贸易理论与政策(英文)》

International Trade Theory and PolicySchool of Economics,Yunnan UniversityZhang Jianhua and Zhang LinChap.1 IntroductionnOne.Course OutlinenBasic theory in Economics(Analysis of commodity and factor mobility in open Macro economy by tools MicroeconomicsnContents:1.Pure Theory in International Trade(Reason and Influence of International Trade)2.Policy of International Trade（Policies aiming at limiting imports while encouraging exports）3.Institutions for International Trade（WTO Institutions）Two Basic Concepts nbalance of trade1.Trade Surplus（ExportsImports，Favorable Balance of Trade）2.Trade Deficit（ExportsImports，Unfavorable Balance of Trade）3.Trade Balance（Exports Imports）nTrade Structure1.Commodity Structure2.Geographical StructurenDependency of Trade2004、2005年年中国的贸易收支中国的贸易收支2004年中国对外贸易依存度年中国对外贸易依存度接近接近70%2005年中国主要进出口商品年中国主要进出口商品Chap.3 Comparative Cost and Classical Trade TheoremnIn this chapter,we introduce theorem of international trade.We start such introduction looking at causes of international trade and its influences in the economy(in Chap 3,4,5 and 6),then we will analyze the influences of economics in trade.One,Theory of Absolute CostTheory of absolute costIt is a theoretical explanation to the cause of international tradeIntroduced by Adam Smith in his“Wealth of Nations”Graph of Absolute CostUnit Cost Calculated in terms of labor UK PortugalCarpetWine4863Each country produces goods absolutely low in cost,in exchange for other countries goods absolutely low in costTrade based on division o f l a b o rReason of trade is because of differences in absolute costCould countries have trade without absolute differences in cost?Chap 3.2.Comparative CostnDavid Ricardo，1817nBackground谷谷物物法法Cultivation of wheat expands,land of grass shrinks,and price of wool goes up小小麦麦价价格格上上涨涨Labor is more expansiveFood expend increases,end goods expend decreasesRevenge from other countries,export of end products decrease损损害害了了资资产产阶阶级级的的利利益益要要求求自自由由贸贸易易Case of Ricardian ModelUnit Cost Calculated in terms of labor Britain PortugalCarpetWine48610Assumptions：Two nations,two products,one factor,fixed productivity,sufficient employment,perfect competition,non-mobility of factor,barter,no technological improvement,no transportation costThe absolute costs of both products in Britain is lower than that in Portugal,why is there still trade between these two countriesA necessary condition of international trade:Comparative cost differenceA sufficient condition of international trade:international exchange rate is between domestic exchange rates in both countries.There is benefit from tradeLimitation：Why there is comparative cost？Chap3.3.Classical trade model based on comparative costUsed to explain：Reasons and influences of trade(Price,Production,Consumption and Welfare.1,Analysis Tools1)Production Possibility CurveThe maximum production when factors are fully employed.A（0，100）B（100，0）OXYC（X1，Y1）Property of Production Possibility CurveSlope of PPC is equal to marginal opportunity costAB5434OXYThe cost of giving up one benefit for getting anotherMaximum cost may not be optimum production.We have to introduce indifference curve in order to get optimum production.2,Indifference CurveThe different products combination that can bring same satisfaction to consumers.OXYA（10，40）B（25，15）UA=UBProperty of Indifference Curve:There are many indifference curveFurther from origin means more utility levelNever cross with each otherConcaveNegative SlopeThe combination of PPC and Indifference Curve:Equilibrium(Optimum)Production and ConsumptionOXYEACBU0U2U1ineffectiveImpossibleMaximum production,but utility less than EEquilibrium point：Maximum production,maximum utility3,Exchange Rate(Comparative price and Trade conditionOYXABCDE1X=1Y1X=2Y3X=3Y The exchange rate is equal to the slope of the line The key of exchange rate line is its slope,not the position.For example,AB and DE is in different position but has same slope二、贸易前均衡二、贸易前均衡开开展展国国际际贸贸易易前前，一一国国国国内内的的生生产产和和消消费费状状况况YXOBAT生产可能性曲线生产可能性曲线边际机会成本为边际机会成本为1X=1Y交换比率线交换比率线交换比率为交换比率为1X=2YX产量扩大产量扩大X价格下跌，比如：价格下跌，比如：1X=1.5Y国内均衡时，生产可能性曲线与交换比率线重合，实现完全专业化生产国内均衡时，生产可能性曲线与交换比率线重合，实现完全专业化生产根据生产可能性曲线的斜率根据生产可能性曲线的斜率判断一国的比较优势判断一国的比较优势YXOBAYXOB1A1A 国国B 国国1X=1Y相对于相对于B国而言，国而言，X成本更低成本更低1X=3Y相对于相对于A国而国而言，言，X成本更高，成本更高，Y成本更低成本更低Three,Classical Trade Model(One Factor)YXOABYXOCDTT1X=1Y1X=3YPrice of X falls in international market,and Price of Y also falls,finally reaches an equilibrium price,say,T(1X=2Y)National ANational BInfluence of International TradeYXOABYXOCDTTEJU0U1U0U1FMPrice:X(more comparative advantage)raisedProduction：Production of X expanded(Perfect specialization)Consumption:consumption combination is in higher-position indifference curve,better trade offX in Nation A:Production OB,Consumption OX0,Surplus X0B(Export)Y in Nation A:Production:0,Consumption OY0(imports)X0Y0X in nation B Production 0,consumption OX1(Imports)Y in nation Production OC,Consumption OY1,surplus Y1CX1Y1Chap.4,Mutual Demands TheoryUsed to exp