经济学原理完整教学ppt课件

Copyright 2004 South-Western/Thomson Learning 经济学原理完整教学学原理完整教学课件件Principles of Economics(Elementary)Shu YangECO,HUSTCopyright 2004 South-Western/Thomson LearningSyllabusInstructor:YangSHUSchedule:48hours(fourhourseachweek,for12weeks)“PrinciplesofEconomics”4th/5theditioninEnglish,byN.GregoryMankiw(AvailableinBookstoreand2ndfloorlibrary)Supplement:“Microeconomics”7thedition,byRobertPindyckandDanielRubinfeld.Copyright 2004 South-Western/Thomson LearningSyllabusMaptobookstores:1.WalkrightoutofECO2.Takethefirstleft3.Thentakethefirstright4.YouwillfindthebookstoresonyourleftatthenextcrossECOBook storesCopyright 2004 South-Western/Thomson LearningSyllabusEvaluations:TotalScore:100points.Finalexam(inChinese):60pHomework&Attendance:40pPart 1 INTRODUCTIONCopyright 2004 South-Western/Thomson LearningOverview 2.Thinking Like an Economist(Ch2)1.Ten Principles(Chapter 1)3.Gains from Trade(Ch3)Copyright 2004 South-Western/Thomson LearningEconomicsEconomicsisthestudyofhowsocietymanagesitsscarceresources.Scarcity:societyhaslimitedresourcesandthereforecannotproduceallthegoodsandservicespeoplewishtohave.Resourcesareallocatedthroughthecombinedactionsofmillionsofhouseholdsandfirms,economiststhereforestudyhowpeoplemakedecisions(work,buy,save,invest)howpeopleinteractwithoneanother(price)forcesandtrends(incomegrowth,unempl.rate,inflation)Copyright 2004 South-Western/Thomson LearningMicroeconomics and MacroeconomicsMicroeconomicsfocusesontheindividualpartsoftheeconomy.Howhouseholdsandfirmsmakedecisionsandhowtheyinteractinspecificmarkets(Epulsoryschoolattendanceaffectsearnings,cafeteria)Macroeconomicslooksattheeconomyasawhole.Economy-widephenomena,includinginflation,unemployment,andeconomicgrowthDifferentquestions,differentapproachesCopyright 2004 South-Western/Thomson LearningC1Ten Principles of EconomicsCopyright 2004 South-Western/Thomson LearningPrinciple#1:People Face Tradeoffs.“Thereisnosuchthingasafreelunch!”Copyright 2004 South-Western/Thomson LearningMaking decisions requires trading off one goal against another.Principle#1:People Face Tradeoffs.Togetonething,weusuallyhavetogiveupanotherthing.Foodv.clothingLeisurev.workCopyright 2004 South-Western/Thomson LearningPrinciple#1:People Face TradeoffsEfficiencyv.Equity(Common)Efficiencymeanssocietygetsthemostthatitcanfromitsscarceresources.(Biggerpie)Equitymeansthebenefitsofthoseresourcesaredistributedfairlyamongthemembersofsociety.(Fairpieces)Copyright 2004 South-Western/Thomson LearningPrinciple#1:People Face TradeoffsRecognizingthatpeoplefacetradeoffsdoesnotbyitselftelluswhatdecisionstheywillorshouldmake:Societyshouldnotstopprotectingtheenvironmentjustbecauseenvironmentalregulationsreduceourmaterialstandardofliving.Thepoorshouldnotbeignoredjustbecausehelpingthemdistortsworkincentives.Copyright 2004 South-Western/Thomson LearningPrinciple#2:The Cost of Something Is What You Give Up to Get It.Whatisthecosttogotocollege?Money(board,room,tuition)?Evenifwequitschool,wewouldstillneedaplacetosleepandfoodtoeat,whichmightcostmorethanthelifeatcollege.Copyright 2004 South-Western/Thomson LearningPrinciple#2:The Cost of Something Is What You Give Up to Get It.ThelargestcostisourtimeWhenwedecidetogotocollege,wecannotspendtimeworkingandearnwagesandexperiences.Theopportunity costofanitemiswhatwegiveuptoobtainthatitem.Copyright 2004 South-Western/Thomson LearningPrinciple#2:The Cost of Something Is What You Give Up to Get It.Decisionmakerusuallyareawareoftheopportunitycostofeachaction.Copyright 2004 South-Western/Thomson LearningPrinciple#2:The Cost of Something Is What You Give Up to Get It.LALakerbasketballstarKobeBryantchosetoskipcollegeandgostraightfromhighschooltotheproswherehehasearnedmillionsofdollars.Copyright 2004 South-Western/Thomson LearningPrinciple#3:Rational People Think at the Margin.Marginal changesaresmall,incrementaladjustmentstoanexistingplanofaction.MarginalchangesareimportantfordecisionmakersWhenexamsrollaround,yourdecisionisnotbetweenblowingthemofforstudying24hoursaday,butwhethertospendanextrahourreviewingyournotesinsteadofwatchingTV.Copyright 2004 South-Western/Thomson LearningPrinciple#3:Rational People Think at the Margin.WemakedecisionbycomparingbenefitsandcostsatthemarginTodecidewhethertotakethegraduateschool,wecomparetheadditionalbenefitsthattwoyearsincollegewouldoffer(higherwagesthroughoutlifeandsheerjoyoflearning)totheadditionalcoststhatyouwouldincur(tuitionandtheforgonewageswhileyoureincollege)Copyright 2004 South-Western/Thomson LearningPrinciple#4:People Respond to Incentives.Marginalchangesincostsorbenefitsmotivatepeopletorespond.PolicymakersshouldneverforgetaboutincentivesSeatbeltlaw(“UnsafeatAnySpeed”byR.Nader)ThebenefitstoslowandcarefuldrivingTherefore,peopledrivefasterandlesscarefully.AccidentsDriverdeaths,andpedestriandeathsCopyright 2004 South-Western/Thomson LearningPrinciple#5:Trade Can Make Everyone Better Off.Peoplegainfromtheirabilitytotradewithoneanother.Tradeallowspeopletospecializeinwhattheydobest.(Ch.3)Copyright 2004 South-Western/Thomson Lear