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Lecture 2 Chinese vs English Culture and Translation 汉英文化对比与翻译汉英文化对比与翻译 Homework-checking:n1.a wide/broad/range of choices/interest/possibilities/circumstances/phenomenanTo evaluate the results fully,we may wonder whether they are applicable over a wide range of circumstance.n为了充分评估结果,我们也许会问它们是否适用于各种各样各种各样的的情况n2.a wide variety of reasons/subjects/interests/opinions/foods/professionsnA small machine such as this one would be capable of helping people in a variety of professionsn像这种小小的智能机器能给许多不同许多不同职业的人提供帮助n3.a multitude of facts/problems/reasonsnMastering the five life skills,your life will continue to be enriched in a multitude of tangible and intangible ways.As your values deepen and the depth of your experience grows,you will attain a sense of balance and inner peace.n掌握这五个生活技能,你的生活在许多许多物质和精神方面都会大大充实起来。当你的价值不断加强,你的经验不断积累,你就会获得一种平衡感和内心的平静。n4.a host of problems/reasonsnBut one thing should be kept in mind:the emphasis on the one side of the problems will create a host of new problemsn但是有一点必须记住:强调问题的某一方面往往会引出许多许多新的问题新的问题。n5.a vast array of facts/statistics/information/responsibilities/ways/approaches/techniquesnWhile mans population has been growing,his culture has been evolving.He has developed a vast array of techniques for modifying his environment and himself,but he has failed to developed ways of understanding,guiding,controlling his new found abilities.n随着人口的增长,人类的文化也在发展。人类研制出一大批技术以改造自己的环境和人类本身,但是人类却未能研究出办法来了解,指导和控制自己新得到的能力。Warming-up:n1三国演义Three Kingdoms or Romance of The Three Kingdoms n2水浒传The Water Margin or the Outlaws of the Marsh n3西游记Story of a Journey to the West or The Pilgrimage to the West n4红楼梦A Dream in Red Mansions or A Red-Chamber Dream n5聊斋志异Strange Stories from a Scholars Studio n6大学The Great Learning n7中庸The Doctrine of the Mean n8论语The Analects of Confucius n9孟子The Words of Mencius n10诗经The Book of Songs n11书经The Book of History n12易经The Book of Changes n13礼记The Book of Rites n14春秋The Spring and Autumn Annals n15山海经Mountain and Sea Classics n16战国策Stratagems of the Warring States n17史记Records of the Grand Historian n Shi Ji/Historical Recordsn18世纪新说New sayings of the World n19西厢记Romance of the Western Chamber n20.本草纲目 Compendium of Materia Medican21.资治通鉴 History as a Mirrorn勿以恶小而为之n勿以善小而不为n白孤城n托孤时对儿子说的话n军中无戏言n挥泪斩马谡n妻子如衣服n过五关斩六将n既生瑜,何生亮n身在曹营心在汉n万事俱备,只欠东风n天下英雄,惟使君与操耳n死孔明吓走生仲达n宁教我负天下人,休教天下人负我n宁可我负天下人n不让天下人负我n良禽相木而栖,贤臣择主而事n士为知己者死,女为悦己者容n臣闻扬汤止沸,不如去薪;溃痈虽痛,胜于养毒。n勇将不怯死而苟免,壮士不毁节而求生。身虽死,名可垂于竹帛也n准备窝弓以擒猛虎,安排香饵以钓鳌鱼n龙游沟壑遭虾戏,凤入牢笼被鸟欺n周郎妙计安天下,赔了夫人又折兵n宁教我负天下人,休教天下人负我n疾风知劲草,板荡识诚臣n夫英雄者,胸怀大志,腹有良谋。有包藏宇宙之机,吞吐天地之志者也n话说天下大势,分久必合,合久必分。n淝水之战n铁血生涯中,天下谁敢与争锋?n六六三十六,数中有术,术中有数。阴阳燮理,机在其中。机不可设,设则不中。n1.文化概论n2.2.中西文化对比n3.汉英思维方式对比n4.文化因素对翻译的影响n5.文化的可译性限度n6.文化与翻译n7.语篇翻译练习与讲解教学内容:1.文化概论n(1)文化的概念nCulture is succinctly defined as“the totality of beliefs and practices of a society.”nthat complex whole which includes knowledge,belief,art,morals,law,customs,and many other capabilities and habits acquired by.members of society.“-E.B.Taylor:Primitive Culture,1871.一个复合的整体,其中包括知识、信仰、艺术、法律、道德、风俗以及作为社会成员而获得的任何其他的能力和习惯。(泰勒(Edward Tylor).原始文化.1871)n文化是人类在社会历史发展过程中所创造的物质财富和精神财富的总和。(陈宏薇、李亚丹.新编汉英翻译教程.2004:21)文化的概念文化的概念n“广义的文化指人类社会历史实践过程中所创造的物质财富和精神财富的总和,狭义的文化指社会意识形态、以便与之相适应的制度和组织机构;有时也持指教育、科学、文学、艺术等方面的精神财富,以便与政治、经济、军事等方面的知识和设施相区别。”-戚雨村:“语言文化对比”,外语研究,1992年第2期n广义的文化包括三个层次的内容:(1)物质文化,如建筑物、服饰、食品、工具等;(2)制度习俗文化,包括制度、法规,以及相应的设施和风俗习惯等;(3)精神文化,包括价值观念、思维方式、宗教信仰等,也包括哲学、科学、文学艺术方面的成就和产品。n“It is the totality of the spiritual,intellectual,and artistic attitudes shared by a group,including its tradition,habits,social customs,morals,laws,and social relations,Sociologically,every society,on every level,has its culture;the term has no implications of high development.”-The New World Encyclopedia,1974.nEcology Culture,Material Culture,Social Culture,Religious Culture,Linguistic Culturen生态文化,物质文化,社会文化,宗教文化,语言文化-Eugene Nida:Language,Culture and Translating,1993n“the way of life and its manifestations that are peculiar to a community that uses a particular language as its means of expression”n-Newmark:A textbook of translation,2001.In short,everything that humans learn is culture.Culture can also pertain to the various materials and objects that people learn to use.(简言之,人类所有习得的东西都是文化。文化也指人们学会使用的各种实物。)Rodney Stark(1994:43)(2)文化的特点1 1)社会习得,而非遗传获得;)社会习得,而非遗传获得;2 2)社会成员所共有;)社会成员所共有;3 3)具有象征的特性;语言就是文化中最重要的象征系统;)具有象征的特性;语言就是文化中最重要的象征系统;4 4)是一个统一的整体,其中每一方面都和其它方面相关)是一个统一的整体,其中每一方面都和其它方面相关联。联。(柯平,柯平,1993:76)文化作为一种“原本性的存在”,具有其本体论特征:1)文化的民族性2)文化的传承性3)文化的流变性4)文化的兼容性(刘宓庆,1999:15)(3)文化系统1)技术经济系统2)社会系统3)观念系统4)语言系统(柯平,1993:77)(4)文化层次文化系统结构有四个层次(Strata of culture):1)物质形态层(material stratum)2)典章制度层(institutional stratum)3)行为习俗层(behavioral and customary stratum)4)心理或心智活动层(mental stratum)(刘宓庆,1999:33)(5)文化划分n物质文化(material culture)n制度文化(institutional culture)n心理文化(mental culture)(邢福义(2000:8)语言属于制度文化。(陈宏薇、李亚丹,2004:22)物质文化 物质文化(material culture):指人类创造的物质文明,指一切可见可感的物质和精神产品。它下属的文化有饮食文化、服饰文化、建筑文化、戏曲文化等。制度文化 制度文化(institutional culture):指人类的社会制度、宗教制度、生产制度、教育制度、劳动管理分配制度、家庭制度、亲属关系、礼仪习俗、行为方式
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