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1、1 Chapter 3 Morphology Lexicon is the collection of all the words of a language.It is synonymous with“vocabulary”.Words are the focus of the study of lexicon,so the emphasis of this chapter falls upon words,i.e.,the analysis and creation of words.Linguists define the word as the smallest free form f
2、ound in language.The features of word Word is meaningful;word is a grammatical unit;word can be used independently;word is relatively stable and uninterruptible.Morphology refers to the study of the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.The total number of words stored
3、in the brain is called the lexicon.Words are the smallest free units of language that unite sounds with meaning.Morphology is a branch of linguistics,whereas lexicon is a component of language instead of a branch of linguistics.Open class word and closed class word Open class words-content words of
4、a language to which we can regularly add new words,such as nouns,adjectives,verbs and adverbs,e.g.beatnik(a member of the Beat Generation),hacker,email,internet,“做秀，时装秀”in Chinese.Closed class words-grammatical or functional words,such as conjunction,articles,preposition and pronouns.Morpheme-the mi
5、nimal unit of meaning.The smallest meaningful unit of language is called a morpheme.-Words are composed of morphemes.Words may consist of one morpheme or more morphemes,e.g.1-morpheme boy,desire 2-morpheme boy+ish,desir(e)+ble 3-morpheme boy+ish+ness,desir(e)+bl(e)+ity 4-morpheme gentle+man+li+ness,
6、un+desir(e)+abl(e)+ity 5-morpheme un+gentle+man+li+ness 7-morpheme anti+dis+establish+ment+ari+an+ism Morph:when people wish to distinguish the sound of a morpheme from the entire morpheme,they may sued the term.It is the phonetic realization of a morpheme Allomorph:A morpheme may be represented by
7、different forms,called allomorphs.It is the phonetic variant of a morpheme.Some morphemes have a single form in all contexts,such as“dog,bark,cat”,etc.In other instances,there may be some variation,that is,a morpheme may have alternate shapes or phonetic forms.They are said to be the allomorphs of t
8、he morpheme,the plural morpheme may be represented by:map-maps s dog-dogs z watch-watches iz mouse-mice ai ox-oxen n tooth-teeth sheep-sheep Each of the underlined part is called an allomorph of plural morpheme.Affix Prefix-morphemes that occur only before others,e.g.un-,dis,anti-,ir-,etc.Suffix-mor
9、phemes that occur only after others,e.g.名师资料总结-精品资料欢迎下载-名师精心整理-第 1 页，共 7 页 -2-ful,-er,-ish,-ness,-able,-tive,tion,etc.Root:The root constitutes the core of the word and carries the major component of its meaning.A root is the base form of a word that cannot further be analyzed without total loss of
10、identity.A root may be free or bound(such as mit,tain,cur,ceive).An affix is naturally bound.Free morpheme&bound morpheme Free morpheme-is one that may constitute a word(free form)by itself,such as bed,tree,sing,dance,etc.Bound morpheme-is one that may appear with at least one other morpheme.They ca
11、n not stand by themselves,such as“-s”in“dogs”,“al”in“national”,“dis-”in“disclose”,“ed”in“recorded”,etc.Some morphemes constitute words by themselves.These morphemes are called free morphemes.Other morphemes are never used independently in speech and writing.They are always attached to free morphemes
12、 to form new words.These morphemes are called bound morphemes.The distinction between a free morphemes and a bound morpheme is whether it can be used independently in speech or writing.Free morphemes are the roots of words,while bound morphemes are the affixes(prefixes and suffixes).Derivational mor
13、pheme&inflectional morphem e Derivational morphemes-the morphemes which change the category,or grammatical class of words,e.g.modern-modernize,length-lengthen,fool-foolish,etc.Inflectional morphemes-the morphemes which are for the most part purely grammatical markers,signifying such concepts as tens
14、e,number,case and so on;they never change their syntactic category,never add any lexical meaning,e.g.a)number:tables apples cars b)person,finiteness and aspect:talk/talks/talking/talked c)case:John/John sInflectional morphemes in modern English indicate case and number of nouns,tense and aspect of v
15、erbs,and degree of adjectives and adverbs.Derivational morphemes are bound morphemes added to existing forms to construct new words.English affixes are divided into prefixes and suffixes.Some languages have infixes,bound morphemes which are inserted into other morphemes.Derivational morphemes-affix(
16、suffix,infix,prefix)+root Inflectional morphemes 11 11 types of inflectional morphemes in English Noun+-s,-s/es possessive;plural Verb+-s/es,-ing,-ed,-ed/-en 3rdperson singular;present participle;past tense,past participle Adj+-er,-est comparative;superlative Inflectional morphemes never change the grammatical category of a word Inflectional morphemes influence the whole category;Derivational morphemes are opposite Order:root(stem)+derivational+inflectional Conclusion:classification of morphemes
