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1、杜昶旭老师的阅读讲义1新托福阅读讲义杜昶旭一. 准备知识1. iBT托福阅读理解的形式特点（1）文章数量：3-5篇（和听力相对应:3篇阅读,9个听力段子或5篇阅读,6个听力段子）文章长度:650-750词/篇 题目数量：12-14个/篇（每篇有一个多选，形式为6选3,7选5或9选7）测试时间:20分钟/篇测试分数：0-30分（由原始分42分换算到标准分30分）2. iBT托福阅读的考察重点主题:辨析文章的主要观点，并与局部小观点区分；辨析段落主题.（注:所有文章都有标题）细节：概括性信息的把握并判别具体信息的真伪TRUE?FALSE? NOT GIVEN?Gen eral stateme nt
2、 ideasSome details词汇:辨析词汇和短堇择罗1过上下文推断某些词汇和短语的含义:认知（一 词多义）；词汇推断推断:根据上下文推断出隐藏的信息 态度：根据文章描述判断作者意图和态度：WHY目的;HOWf段.（6）结构:判断句子和句子之间的逻辑关系，并确定段落的结构托福阅读是以句子为核心的3. 阅读的本质：（1）获取有效信息（2）消除阅读障碍4. 文章结构特点（1）文章主体分为结构主体和细节主体.结构主体（支撑）：主题段（文章的前几段）和主题句（每段的前几句）.细节主体（填充）（2）文章具体结构如下：Intro: background （细节）& topic （结构）Body: s
3、ub-topic （结构），analysis （细节）& evidence （细节）Conclusion: topic（结构）5. 快速笔记方法（1）快速笔记的意义：辅助思维框架形成索引功能（2）快速笔记的内容结构主体的核心词时间和数字：同步记录时间及相应的事件；一律记录为数字人名地名专有名词：使用首字母标记举例主体新概念和核心概念 重要的逻辑关系快速笔记的简单符号体系快速笔记的重要性和必要性阅读中的指导性逻辑(PREDICTING)好笔记的特点：笔记中有清晰的逻辑脉络根据笔记可以对文章进行有效复述6. 阅读和口语的关系：(1) 规范口语的逻辑(2) 提供口语表达的素材二. 阅读方法1. 精读
4、句子结构分析和解析方法句子阅读中的障碍1)定语前置定语：adj+n后置定语：n+ adj phrase 形容词短语：a book useful for youprep phrase 介词短语：a pen on the deskv-ing/-ed phrase 分词短语:a person walking on the road; a tool developed for theproject不定式 :a way to solve the problem 注：分词短语作后置定语时，其逻辑主语是其修饰的名词 不定代词只能用后置定语修饰不定式作后置定语其逻辑主语是第二方：sb use the way
5、to solve the problem定语从句：关系代词引导定语从句：that, which, who, whom, whose （其中 that, which, who, whom引导的是非完整句，whose引导的是完整句）关系连词：when, where, why在句子中不作成分，引导的是完整句介词+关系代词：in which,此关系代词不包括what2）同位语：同插入语一样处理一删除A, B （定语从句/同位语从句）A, or BA that +句子（完整句）A of B: the city of Beijing3）状语：处理方式隔离Adv副词Prep phrase介词短语分词短语不定
6、式注：非谓语动词作状语其逻辑主语是句子的主语4）并列结构并列连词的用法：并列连词连接结构功能性质均相同的成分 一-必须完全对等5）that引导的各种从句S+V+THAT+句子（完整句）-一宾语从句S+系动词+表语+句子表语从句It + Vi + that + 句子It + be + adj +that + 句子 完整句That + 句子+ VN+ that +句子+同位语（完整句）定语从句（非完整句）S + Vi + that+ 句子：The sun rises that is bright.S + be + adj + that + 句子：The desk is clean that is
7、used by the student 定语从 句）；The fact is true that Tom is handsome 同位语从句）.（2）复杂句的阅读方法层次化句子阅读法1）括号匹配关联词（完整句）（关联词+非完整句）2）化右括号的条件：句子终结连接句子的并列连词或标点符号之前例 1: However, for many years physicists thought that （atom and molecules always were much more likely to emit light spontaneously)andthat (stimulated emiss
8、ionthus always would be much weaker)例 2: It appeared that Canada was once more falling in step with the trend toward smaller families (that had occurred all through the Western world since the time of the Industrial Revolution).例 3: The history of clinical nutrition, or the study of the relationship
9、 between healthand how the body takes in and utilizes food substances( 同位语，册U除 ),can be divided into four distinct eras: the first began in the nineteenth century and extended into the early twentieth century (when it was recognized for the first timethat (food contained constituents (that were esse
10、ntial for human function) )and that (different foods provided different amounts of these essential agents).例 4: Using techniques firsdteveloped fotrhe offshore oil and gas industrtyh, e DSDPs drill ship, the Glomar Challenger( 同位语 ),was able to maintain a steady position on the oceans surface and dr
11、ill in very deep water, extracting samples of sediments and rock from the ocean floor. 例 5: The desperate plight of the South has eclipsed the fact that (reconstruction had to be undertaken also in North, though lessspectacular)1. y例 6: The technique of direct carving was a break with the nineteenth
12、 century in which (the making of a clay model was considered the creative act) and (the work wasthen turned over to studio assistant to be cast in plaster or bronze or carved inmarble).例 7: Anyone (who has handle a fossilized bone) knows that (it is usually not exactlylike its modern counterpart), t
13、he most obvious difference being that ( it is often muchh独v立主格结构inn例 8: The impressive gain in output stemmedprimarily from the way in which(workers made goods since 179, Os), North American enterpreneurseven withouthadthe technological improvementbroadended the scope of the outwork system (that mad
14、e manufacturing more efficient bydistributing materials to succession of workers (who each performed a single step of the production process)例 9: The fact that (artisanss, (who were locked on as mechanics or skilled workers in the eighteenth century), (are frequently considered artists today) is dir
15、ectly attibutable to the Arts and Crafts Movement of the nineteenth century)例 10: A few art collectors James Bowdoin HI of Boston, WilliamBbyrd of Virginian, and the Aliens abd Hamiltons ofPhiladelphia (同位语)introduced European art traditions to thosecolonist 1 privileged to visit their galleries, especially aspiring artists and established in their respective communities the idea of the value of art and the need for institutions devoted to its encouragement PS :独立主格 i1. with + adj+句子III
