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1、ComputerScience研究生学术英语读写教程Unit5Outline2. 2. Academic writing skillsAcademic writing skills: : Evaluating arguments Evaluating arguments 1. 1. Text AText A3. 3. Text B Text B 4 4. . Academic reading skillsAcademic reading skills: : Identifying limitations and indicating research gaps Identifying limi
2、tations and indicating research gaps1.Text AWordsandexpressionsSentencecomprehensionThemeandstructureCanComputersBeConscious?Wordsandexpressionsmanipulatev.Asapolitician,heknowshowtomanipulatepublicopinion.Computers are very efficient at manipulatinginformation.burgeoningadj.Theburgeoningglobalmarke
3、tforsmartconsumertechnology is also inspiring an outpouring ofentrepreneurialenergy.simulatev.Computer software can be used to simulateconditionsontheseabed.Itriedtosimulatesurpriseatthenews.emergentadj.anemergentstateanemergentnationalistmovementWordsandexpressionshauntv.Hewouldalwaysbehauntedbytha
4、tsceneinWellPark.Thestigmaofbeingabankruptislikelytohaunthimfortherestofhislife.monopolizev.They are controlling so much cocoa that they arevirtuallymonopolizingthemarket.Hewouldmonopolizehertotally,totheexclusionofherbrothersandsisters.Wordsandexpressionsdiscreteadj.Theorganismscanbedividedintodisc
5、retecategories.remnantn.Thewoodsareremnantsofahugeforestwhichoncecoveredthewholearea.Wordsandexpressions1.Whereascomputersusezerosandonestostoreandmanipulate data, the neurons in our brains transmitinformation in binary, on/off spikes known as actionpotentials.(Para.1)计算机使用0和1来存储、处理数据，而我们大脑中的神经元则以二进
6、制形式的开/关尖峰来传输信息，这些尖峰被称为动作电势。Sentencecomprehension2.Thisbasicsimilarityiswhatunderliestheburgeoningfieldofcomputational neuroscience, which hopes to understand howneuronalnetworksgiverisetoprocesseslikememoryandfacialrecognitionsothattheymightbereplicatedinintelligentmachines.(Para.1)（两者之间的）这一基本的相似性奠定
7、了新兴的计算神经科学领域的基础，该学科希望了解神经元网络是如何完成记忆和面部识别等过程的，以便将它们复制到智能机器中。Sentencecomprehension3. The central problem remains: we have no realunderstandingofhowthebraingivesrisetothemind,ofhow neurons and action potentials create consciousness.(Para.2)核心问题依然存在：我们没有真正理解大脑是如何产生思想的，也就是神经元细胞和动作电位是如何产生意识的。Sentencecompr
8、ehension4.Iftheycouldaccuratelyrecreatethebehaviorsandstructuresofabiologicalbrain,theircomputersimulationshouldshedlightonboth normal cognition and disorders like depression andschizophrenia.(Para.4)如果他们能够准确地再现生物大脑的行为和结构，他们的计算机模拟便可阐释正常的大脑认知功能和诸如抑郁症、精神分裂症等疾病。Sentencecomprehension5.Andthisinventionof
9、analogyreliesnotonanalyticproblem-solvingthoughtbutonlettingyourminddriftfromonethoughttoanotherinasortoffree-associativestate,saysGelernter.(Para.8)格伦特尔说，这种类比的产生不是依赖于分析性的解决问题的思维方式，而是依赖于让自己的大脑处于自由联想的状态，从一种想法不知不觉地转到另一种想法。Sentencecomprehension6.Thoughtheremaynotbeanexactwordtodescribethisnuancedemotio
10、n, the mind can recognize it and can connect two verydifferentscenesthatmayhaveinspiredthesameemotion.(Para.9)尽管可能没有一个确切的词来描述这种微妙的情感，但大脑可以识别它，并且可以联想起两个可能激发了同样情感的截然不同的场景。Sentencecomprehension7. The other difficulty with emotion and the reason whycomputers wont ever be able to experience emotions the
11、wayhumansdoisthattheyareproducedbyaninteractionbetweenthebrainandthebodyworkingtogether.(Para.10)情感产生的另一个难点（也是计算机不能以人类的方式体验情感的原因）是，情感是在大脑与身体协同工作相互作用的过程中产生的。SentencecomprehensionThemeandstructureAfter an introduction of one major project to replicatevirtualbrains,thisarticleinspiresreaderstoworkonade
12、eperquestion:willthismodelorthefutureAIbecomeconscious itself? AI has to learn how to create newanalogiesand how to experienceemotionsthe way wehumansdo.Title:CanComputersBeConscious?Section1Para.1The basic similarity between computers and brains onprocessinginformationinabinarypatternisthefoundatio
13、nforcomputationalneuroscience.Section2Paras.2-5By introducing one major project which tries to make acomputermodeltoreplicatevirtualbrains,theauthorasksaquestionhere:willthismodelbecomeconsciousitself?Section3Paras.6-10Acquiring problem-solving and reasoning abilities cannotnecessarily make a comput
14、er intelligent enough. ScientistsrealizehowimportantitistodesignacreativeAI,amodelthatcan invent new analogies like we human beings and canexperienceemotionsthewayhumansdo.ThemeandstructureReferencedkeystotasksTask 1:1)underlie2)simulate3)haunt4)burgeoning5)emergent6)monopolize7)infinitesimallyRefer
15、encedkeystotasksTask 2: AReferencedkeystotasksTask 3: Suggested summary：AsignificantandunsolvedproblemforAIisrelatedwithcreativity. Tobecreativeistohavetheabilitytoconnecttwothingsthatarenotobviouslyrelated,andthentocreatenew analogies. This ability depends not on analytic problem-solving state of m
16、ind but on making free associations betweendifferentideas.Oneimportantaspecttoinventnewanalogiesishumansemotion.Beingslightlydifferent,emotionscouldhelpusconnect two different thoughts together. The production ofemotionsisrelatedtoaninteractionbetweenthebrainandthebodywhichishardforcomputerstosimulate.Therefore,computerswillnotsurpasshumanbeingsuntiltheycanreproducetheresonancebetweenbodyandmind.(113words)2. Evaluating arguments 2.EvaluatingargumentsAnargumentconsistsoftwoparts;onepart(premiseor
