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1、Chemistry研究生学术英语读写教程Unit8 Outline2. 2. Academic writing skillsAcademic writing skills: A: Analysing unknown words through context nalysing unknown words through context 1. 1. Text AText A3. 3. Text B Text B 4 4. . Academic reading skillsAcademic reading skills: : Expressing with nominalisationExpres
2、sing with nominalisation1.Text AWordsandexpressionsSentencecomprehensionThemeandstructureScienceGoestowarWordsandexpressionsinsistvt.Theyinsistedthatitwastrue.(maintainforcefully)Iinsistyoutellme.(demandforcefully)vi.toinsistondoingsomethingunleashvt.tosetfreetounleashtheguarddogstounleashthedogsofw
3、artoreleasetounleashonesrageWordsandexpressionsswayvi.toswaytothemusicvt.toswaysomebodyinfavourofdoingsomethingtoswaytheoutcomeinsomebodysfavourn.undertheswayofsomebody/somethingtoholdsway(oversomebody/something)Wordsandexpressionsappallv.horrifyThewaywekillanimalsappallsalotofpeople.Wordsandexpress
4、ions1. The mad race for an ultimate military security - todevelopthemostadvancedanddestructivearmaments,toconstructmightymilitaryedifices,tobuildhugefleets,toconscript millions into vast armies, to overlay theContinent with a network of railroads to move troopsrapidly,tostockpilemammothamountsofammu
5、nitionandguns, to prepare war plans that called for armies ofmillionstofalluponeachotherinmassbattles-amountedtoagargantuanpowderkeg,needingonlyasinglepoliticalsparktosetoffArmageddon.(Para.2)Sentencecomprehension1. 为为保障终极军事安全的疯狂竞赛保障终极军事安全的疯狂竞赛发展最先进和最具发展最先进和最具杀杀伤力伤力的军备，建造强大的军事基地，组建巨型舰队，将数百的军备，建造强大的军
6、事基地，组建巨型舰队，将数百万人招募到庞大的军队，在欧洲大陆上覆盖铁路网络以迅速万人招募到庞大的军队，在欧洲大陆上覆盖铁路网络以迅速转移军队，储备不计其数的枪支弹药，转移军队，储备不计其数的枪支弹药，制订制订战争计划，战争计划，动员动员数以百万计的军队在大规模战斗中对抗数以百万计的军队在大规模战斗中对抗这相当于一个巨这相当于一个巨大的火药桶，只需要一个政治火花就能引爆世界末日大的火药桶，只需要一个政治火花就能引爆世界末日的善恶的善恶大决战大决战。Sentencecomprehension2.Sciencefinallyhadbeenmatedindissolublytowar,creating
7、ajuggernautthatnoonewasabletostop.(Para.2) 科学最终与战争不可分割地结合在一起，产生了无人可挡的强大力量。Sentencecomprehension3.But when the great cataclysm of World War I finallyarrived,eventssoonprovedthisbeliefatragicchimera.(Para.3)但是当第一次世界大战的巨大灾难终于来临时，各种事件很快证明这一想法只是可悲的妄想。Sentencecomprehension4.Itwasacrisissummarizedinthecare
8、erofoneofthecenturysgreatest scientific minds, a mind that simultaneously couldprovide the science to improve mankinds existence and thesciencetodestroyit.(Para.4)这是从该世纪一位最伟大的科学家的职业生涯中得出的危机，这位科学家既可以提供科学方法来改善人类的生存，同时又可以用科学来摧毁它。Sentencecomprehension5. Haber had taken a fateful step, for he was now usi
9、ng hisscientificgeniusnotforthebettermentofmankindasheonceclaimedbutforitsdestruction.(Para.8)哈伯迈出了改变人生的一步，因为他没有利用他的科学天赋去改善人类的生活如他曾经声称的那样而是为了毁灭人类。Sentencecomprehension6.Butthegas,launchedtowardenemytrenchesbylargeblowers,proved subject to wind conditions, and was easily defeated bysoldiersholdingwet
10、handkerchiefsovertheirnosesandmouths.(Para.8)但是，这种气体是由大型鼓风机向敌人的战壕发射的，是受风的影响的。当士兵们用湿手帕捂住口鼻，这种气体就失去了效用。Sentencecomprehension7.ButpoisongaswouldnowforeverbelinkedtothenameofFritzHaber,anodiousnessthatdidnotappeartobotherhim.(Para.10)但是毒气从此将永远与弗里茨哈伯的名字联系在一起，这一恶名似乎没有困扰他。Sentencecomprehension8.He insisted
11、thatinatotalwar, wheresciencewas themajordeterminantof nationalsurvival, a scientistwas just as much asoldierasthemanwitharifleonthefrontline.(Para.11)发达国家不再自己生产产品，而只是购买和消费商品，也不积累任何制造经验，他们倒是没有成为教育部长们所担心的文盲社会，而是成为了一个无制造者的社会。Sentencecomprehension9. Appalled that her husband was personally responsible
12、for somanydeaths,shebeggedhimtostopandfollowtheexampleofhisclosefriendEinstein,whorefusedtohaveanythingtodowithanysciencethatinvolvedwar.(Para.11)她的丈夫对这么多人的死亡负有个人责任，她感到非常惊骇，她恳求他停止这样做，并效仿他的密友爱因斯坦，拒绝参与任何涉及战争的研究。Sentencecomprehension10.TheplanwasdroppedafteranumberofscientistsrushedtoHabersdefense,nota
13、blythedistinguishedBritishbiologistJ.B.S.Haldane,whoarguedthatthewarwasintrinsicallyevilbeforetheinventionofpoisongas,andwouldhaveremainedevilbecauseofhigh-explosiveshells,thetank,thesubmarine,andbarbedwire.(Para.12)在一些科学家为哈伯辩护之后，这个计划被撤销了。特别是著名的英国生物学家霍尔丹也为其辩护，他认为在毒气发明之前，战争本来就是邪恶的，并且由于高爆炮弹、坦克、潜艇和刺铁丝的
14、存在，战争将永远邪恶。SentencecomprehensionThemeandstructureThe gravest crisis of conscience for science is thatsciencehasempoweredmodernweaponstobringaboutdestructionwhosemagnitudeisbeyondimaginationandcomprehension.Section 1 (Paras.1-2):Astrikingcontrastbetweenthepopularbeliefthatsciencehasmadewarsoterriblet
15、hatnon would fight one and many signs signaling theunstoppabableimpendingofwarwiththehelpofthewarweaponsprovidedbyscience.ThemeandstructureSection 2 (Paras.3-4):themainideaofthetextisproposed:althoughsciencehelpstowinthewar,itcausestheworstcrisisofconscienceinthehistoryofscience-sciencehasempoweredm
16、odernweaponstobringaboutdestruction.ThemeandstructureSection 3 (Paras.5-12):FritzHabersscientificcareerisusedtoillustratetheworstcrisisofconsciencebroughtbytheenlistmentofscienceinthewar.ThemeandstructureParas. 5-6: FritzHaberhadcontributedgreatlytotheinventionoffertilizer.Paras.7-9: ObeyingtheGermanarmysmandate,FritzHaberinventedtoxicgases,whichwasafatefulstepinhislife.Paras. 10-12: FritzHabersviewontheroleofscientistsinawarmadehimselfisolatedfromhisintimatefriendandledtohiswifessuicide.Themean
