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1、Unit1Psychology研究生学术英语读写教程Outline1. Text ADescartes Was Wrong: “ A Person Is a Person Through Other Persons”2. Academic Reading SkillsPredicting Theme and Identifying Patterns and Structures3. Text BThe Impacts and Opportunities of Face Recognition Variability Outside the Lab4. Academic Writing Skil
2、lsParaphrasing 21. Text ADescartes Was Wrong: “ A Person Is a Person Through Other Persons”3Author:AbebaBirhaneAbebaBirhaneispursuingaPhDincognitivescienceatUniversityCollegeDublin.Sheblogsregularlyaboutembodiedcognitionandtheenactiveapproachtocognitivescience.https:/aeon.co/users/abeba-birhane-24Be
3、fore You Read 1.Whatisyouropinionofthequotation“Ithink,thereforeIam”?2.Howdootherpeopleaffectyourself-perception?5TextA:Lead-inQuestionsqSentencecomprehensionqThemeandstructureqComprehensionquestionsTextA6Sentence Translation1.Evenmymostprivateandpersonalreflectionsareentangledwiththeperspectivesand
4、voicesofdifferentpeople,beitthosewhoagreewithme,thosewhocriticize,orthosewhopraiseme.(Para.2)即使是我最私密、最个人的思绪，也与不同人的观点和声音纠缠在一起，无论是那些赞同我的人，还是那些批评我的人，抑或是那些赞美我的人。TextA:Sentencecomprehension7Sentence Translation2.The17th-centuryFrenchphilosopherbelievedthatahumanbeingwasessentiallyself-containedandself-su
5、fficient;aninherentlyrational,mind-boundsubject,whooughttoencountertheworldoutsideherheadwithskepticism.(Para.3)这位17世纪的法国哲学家认为，人类本质上是自给自足的;生而理性、受其思想约束的个体，应该以怀疑的态度面对他头脑之外的世界。8TextA:Sentencecomprehension3.HewantedtofindastablepointofviewfromwhichtolookontheworldwithoutrelyingonGod-decreedwisdoms;aplac
6、efromwhichhecoulddiscernthepermanentstructuresbeneaththechangeablephenomenaofnature.ButDescartesbelievedthattherewasatrade-offbetweencertaintyandakindofsocial,worldlyrichness.(Para.4)他想要找到一种稳定的观点，而非上帝赐予的智慧，来观察这个世界；由此，他可以透过自然界中变幻莫测的现象分辨出永久性的结构。但笛卡尔认为，稳定性和来自社会的、世俗的多样性之间存在权衡关系。9TextA:Sentencecomprehens
7、ion4.Buteventhen,theinvestigationoftenpresumesthatacollectiveofCartesiansubjectsaretherealfocusoftheenquiry,notselvesthatco-evolvewithothersovertime.(Para.6)但即便如此，调查也常常假设，探究的真正焦点是笛卡尔式议题的集合，而非随时间推移与他人共同进化的自我。10TextA:SentencecomprehensionSentence Translation5.Genovesesmurderhadtobeseenagainstabackdrop
8、inwhichviolenceagainstwomenwasnottakenseriously,Cherrysaid,andinwhichpeoplewerereluctanttostepintowhatmighthavebeenadomesticdispute.(Para.7)彻利认为，凯迪吉诺维斯谋杀案反映了当时的社会并不关注女性遭受的暴力困扰，人们也不愿介入一桩可能是家庭纠纷的暴力袭击中。11TextA:Sentencecomprehension6.Thinkofthatluminousmomentwhenapoetcapturessomethingyoudfeltbuthadnever
9、articulated;orwhenyoudstruggledtosummariseyourthoughts,buttheycrystallisedinconversationwithafriend.(Para.8)想一想那些醍醐灌顶的时刻：诗人捕捉到你所感受到的却从未表达过的东西；或者在与朋友交谈时你灵光一现，信口而出你曾难以总结、难以表达的一些想法。12TextA:SentencecomprehensionSentence Translation7.Bycontrast,“dialogical”theories,broughttolifeinexperimentssuchasLisaFre
10、unds“dollhousestudy”from1990,emphasizeinteractionsbetweenthechildandtheadultwhocanprovidescaffoldingforhowsheunderstandstheworld.(Para.10)相比之下，从1990年开始，对话理论才在丽莎弗伦德的“玩偶屋研究”等一系列实验中得以呈现。该理论强调孩子和成年人之间的互动，认为成年人可以为孩子们了解世界提供“脚手架”。13TextA:SentencecomprehensionSentence Translation8.Deprivedofcontactandintera
11、ctiontheexternalperspectiveneededtoconsummateandsustainacoherentself-imageapersonrisksdisappearingintonon-existence.(Para.11)如果失去联系与交流这种完善和维持清晰自我形象的外部因素，人会面临失去自我的危险。14TextA:SentencecomprehensionSentence Translation9. But for the most part, scientific psychology is only too willing to adopt individua
12、listic Cartesian assumptions that cut away the webbing that ties the self to others. (Para. 12) 但是在大多数情况下，科学意义上的心理学非常乐意采用个人色彩浓厚的、切断了自我与他人相互联系的笛卡尔式假说。15Text A: Sentence comprehensionTitle:DescartesWasWrong:“APersonIsaPersonThroughOtherPersons”TextA:Structure16SectionsParagraphsMain ideasSection 1 Par
13、as. 1-2According to Ubuntu Philosophy, people acquire selfhood through others. Section 2Paras. 3-4Descartes held a disconcerting notion on “selfhood” and he believed in the self-sufficiency of human existence. Section 3Paras. 5-7Some philosophers, influenced by this Cartesian philosophy, argue that
14、selfhood can be detached from the social context. Specifically, some psychologists believe that the “by-stander effect” might stem from a “diffusion of responsibility”. However, some scholars argue that this effect was caused due to womens low social status at the time, thereby lending support to th
15、e close associations between selfhood and social context. Section 4Paras. 8-12Questions are raised by the author: Does selfhood come from within or without? And how can these two conflicting views be reconciled? Finally, based on the “child” and “prisoner” examples, the author reiterates his view th
16、at humans acquire selfhood via others.TextA:ThemeThis article analyzes two contrasting philosophical systems on“selfhood”.OnestemsfromDescartesviewof“IthinkthereforeIam”,arguingthatahumanbeingisaself-sufficientcreature,whoseexistencereliesentirelyupontheindividualhimself/herself,andisdetached from the external world; the other features the Ubuntuphilosophy which believes in a form of human existence thatdependsuponinteractingwithotherhumanbeingsandtheoutsideworld.Inresponsetothesetwocompetingphi
