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1、Fundamentals of Materials Science and Engineering Chapter1 IntroductionlLearning Objectives 2l1.1 Historical Perspective 2l1.2 Materials Science and Engineering 2l1.3 Why Study Materials Science and Engineering? 4l1.4 Classification of Materials 5l1.5 Advanced Materials 6l1.6 Modern Materials Needs
2、6Fundamentals of Materials Science and Engineering 汉语翻译成英文l材料科学l材料工程l金属材料l非金属材料l陶瓷材料l高分子材料l复合材料l生物材料l半导体材料l先进材料Fundamentals of Materials Science and Engineering Words and phraseslDeep-seated: close/intimate 紧密的lVirtually: practically/in fact/nearly/as good as/in effect/in essence实际上地lEvery segment o
3、f our everyday lives:日常生活的每个方面lSegment: section/division/part/piece部分、片 lManipulate: control/employ控制、使用Fundamentals of Materials Science and Engineering lDesignate: define/denote/label/ name 标记、命名lAccess to): approach 途径lPottery: pots/dishes or other items made from clay and fired in a kiln (oven)
4、陶器lAlter: change 改变lUtilization: application /use 应用、 用途lEmpower: control 驾驭、控制Fundamentals of Materials Science and Engineering Words and phraseslCharacteristic: peculiarity, feature/trait/attribute/property特质lEvolve: produce 生产lComplex: sophisticated 复杂的lContemporary：Someone who lived or was in a
5、particular place at the same time as someone else. Modern/belonging to the present time 同时代的lNebulous: vague. An idea that is nebulous is not at all clear or exact. 模棱两可的Fundamentals of Materials Science and Engineering lRelated to: be concerned with 相关的lEncompass：to completely cover or surround sth
6、.覆盖或环绕lRealm：territroy/monarchy/ zone/domain/region /kingdom/area/branch 区域lAgglomerate：melt 团聚、成块-volcanic rock consisting of large fragments fused togetherFundamentals of Materials Science and Engineering VocabularyContemporary 当代当代Stimulus 激励，刺激激励，刺激Opaque 不透明不透明 Translucent 半透明半透明Transparent 透明透
7、明Deep-seated 根深蒂固的，深层的根深蒂固的，深层的Existence 存在存在, 实在实在, 生活生活, 存在物存在物, 实在物实在物Sophisticated 复杂的复杂的Forerunner 先驱先驱(者者), 传令官传令官, 预兆预兆Intimately 密切地密切地Fundamentals of Materials Science and Engineering lElaboration Elaboration 解释，阐述解释，阐述lStepwiseStepwise楼梯式的楼梯式的, , 逐步的逐步的lRecreation Recreation 消遣消遣, , 娱乐娱乐ls
8、egmentsegment段段, , 节节, , 片断片断lDeteriorative Deteriorative 恶化，变质，恶化，变质， Fundamentals of Materials Science and Engineering lEvoke 引起，唤起引起，唤起lInterdisciplinary 交叉学科交叉学科lMetallurgy 冶金冶金lNebulous 模糊的，云雾状的模糊的，云雾状的lAgglomerate 团聚，大块团聚，大块lDielectric current 介电常数介电常数lThermal conductivity 热传导热传导Fundamentals o
9、f Materials Science and Engineering lHeat capacity 热容热容lRefraction 折射，衍射折射，衍射lDuctility 延展性延展性lOverriding 最重要的最重要的lProhibitive 抑制抑制lJudicious 明智的明智的lcriterion 准则准则Fundamentals of Materials Science and Engineering 1.1 Historical perspective (观察，透视观察，透视) Materials are probably more deep-seated (根根深蒂固的
10、深蒂固的, 深层的深层的) in our culture than most of us realize. Transportation, housing, clothing, communication, recreation（娱乐）, and food productionvirtually（事实上） every segment （方面）of our everyday lives is influenced to one degree or another（不同程度地） by materials. Fundamentals of Materials Science and Engineer
11、ing lHistorically, the development and advancement of societies have been intimately（密切地） tied to the members ability to produce and manipulate （使用）materials to fill their needs. lIn fact, early civilizations have been designated（命名） by the level of their materials development (i.e., Stone Age, Bron
12、ze Age, Iron Age).Fundamentals of Materials Science and Engineering Stone ageiron ageSteel ageAdvanced materials agebronze ageFundamentals of Materials Science and Engineering l The earliest humans had access to only a very limited number of materials, those that occur naturally: stone, wood, clay（粘
13、土）, skins, and so on. lWith time they discovered techniques for producing materials that had properties superior to those of the natural ones; these new materials included pottery （陶器） and various metals. Fundamentals of Materials Science and Engineering lFurthermore, it was discovered that the prop
14、erties of a material could be altered （改变）by heat treatments and by the addition of other substances. lAt this point, materials utilization（利用） was totally a selection process, that is, deciding from a given, rather limited set of materials the one that was best suited for an application by virtue o
15、f （凭借）its characteristics（特性）.Fundamentals of Materials Science and Engineering It was not until relatively recent times that scientist came to understand the relationship between structural elements of materials and their properties. This knowledge, acquired in the past 60 years or so, has empowere
16、d （使能够） them to fashion(shape ), to a large degree（非常）, the characteristics of materials. Fundamentals of Materials Science and Engineering lThus, tens of thousands of different materials have evolved （出现）with rather specialized characteristics that meet the needs of our modern and complex society. lThese include metals, plastics, glasses, and fibers.Fundamentals of Materials Science and Engineering The ugly bowl and the beautiful cup are different in appearance, but do you know the bowl is the
