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1、Chapter Two Word Structure and Word Formation n nComponents of Word Structure n nTypes of Morphemes n nWord Formation 5/15/20225/15/2022Components of Word Structuren nMorpheme: Morpheme is “the smallest functioning Morpheme: Morpheme is “the smallest functioning unit in the composition of words” (Cr
2、ystal, 1985). unit in the composition of words” (Crystal, 1985). Words are made of morphemes. Words are made of morphemes. n nWord types: Word types: 1)1)One-morpheme words: log, clerk, soldier, etc. One-morpheme words: log, clerk, soldier, etc. 2)2)Tow-morpheme words: lovely, inexpensive, Tow-morph
3、eme words: lovely, inexpensive, kindness, etc. kindness, etc. 3)3)Three-morpheme words: unacceptable, unskillful, Three-morpheme words: unacceptable, unskillful, etc. etc. 4)4)More-morpheme words: unskillfully, unimportantly, More-morpheme words: unskillfully, unimportantly, etc.etc. 5/15/20225/15/2
4、022Types of Morphemesn nContent morphemes are the basis of words meanings. Sometimes they can be used independently. For example, “teach” in “teacher” and “hope” in “hopeful” carry the basic meanings of the two words and they can also be used independently. In this case, some scholars call them free
5、 morphemes, which imply that they can exist freely and function as the basic units of a sentence. They are also considered roots. 5/15/20225/15/2022Types of Morphemesn nGrammatical morphemesGrammatical morphemes are the additional are the additional meanings or grammatical meanings and are attached
6、meanings or grammatical meanings and are attached to content morphemes, and then form words. In this to content morphemes, and then form words. In this case, some scholars call them case, some scholars call them bound morphemesbound morphemes. . For example, “un-” in “unkind” and “-full” in For exam
7、ple, “un-” in “unkind” and “-full” in “hopeful” are grammatical morphemes and cannot “hopeful” are grammatical morphemes and cannot be used independently. In fact, they are be used independently. In fact, they are affixesaffixes. . 1)1)Some grammatical morphemes share lexical Some grammatical morphe
8、mes share lexical meanings, such as meanings, such as un-, in-,-un-, in-,-fulful, , disdis-, -able, -, -able, imim-, -, etc. etc. 2)2)Some grammatical morphemes do not share any Some grammatical morphemes do not share any lexical meanings and only indicate various lexical meanings and only indicate
9、various grammatical forms, such as grammatical forms, such as s, -s, -ly ly, -, -izeize, -ion, -, -ion, -ness, -ed, -ness, -ed, -inging, etc. , etc. 5/15/20225/15/2022Types of Morphemesn nEnglish English stemsstems can be categorized into two types: can be categorized into two types: 1)1)Derived ste
10、msDerived stems can be divided into several can be divided into several morphemes which are composed of one or two morphemes which are composed of one or two content morphemes and one or two grammatical content morphemes and one or two grammatical morphemes. For example, in “chopper”, “chop-” is a m
11、orphemes. For example, in “chopper”, “chop-” is a content morpheme; “-content morpheme; “-erer” is a grammatical ” is a grammatical morpheme while and in “doorman” both “door-” morpheme while and in “doorman” both “door-” and “man” are content morphemes. And Stephen and “man” are content morphemes.
12、And Stephen UllmannUllmann calls them calls them transparent wordstransparent words（显性词）（显性词）. . 2)2)Non-derived stemsNon-derived stems refer to independent content refer to independent content morphemes that can not be further analyzed. For morphemes that can not be further analyzed. For example, “
13、axe, glove, book, etc.” are all non-derived example, “axe, glove, book, etc.” are all non-derived stems. And Stephen stems. And Stephen UllmannUllmann calls them calls them opaque opaque wordswords ( (隐性词隐性词). ). 5/15/20225/15/2022Types of Morphemesn nMorpheme Morpheme is a linguistic abstraction an
14、d a concept. It is a linguistic abstraction and a concept. It is realized in a specific linguistic forms, i.e. is realized in a specific linguistic forms, i.e. morphsmorphs（形素）（形素）. “They are actual spoken, minimal . “They are actual spoken, minimal carriers of meaning.” (Bolinger and Sears, 1981) c
15、arriers of meaning.” (Bolinger and Sears, 1981) Morphemes are put in bracesMorphemes are put in braces（大括号）（大括号）. Take “big” . Take “big” for example. Its morpheme is for example. Its morpheme is bigbig, its sound , its sound form is big and its writing form is “big”. In many form is big and its wri
16、ting form is “big”. In many cases, several forms that are called cases, several forms that are called allomorphsallomorphs represent one morpheme. Take the plural morpheme represent one morpheme. Take the plural morpheme s sfor example. It can be represented by the three for example. It can be represented by the three morphemic forms s, z and iz. The three morphemic forms s, z and iz. The three morphemic forms are considered the allomorphs of morphemic forms are considered the allomorphs of s s,
