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1、第一节 英语短文的结构及段落的组织一结构（1） 引言段：向读者介绍此篇文章的主题及背景资料。（2） 主体段：也叫正文，是文章的主体部分，也是情节发展，是事实说明或者层层递进的部分，要把论述的讲清楚，具体而明晰。（3） 结尾段：也叫结束语，是由通篇文章所得出的简短结论，或者是事情发展到了最后一个情节，即事情的结果，结局。1. 引言段引言段常见的模式有：概括-主题型：先写概括性导言句，以引起读者的兴趣和注意，然后，逐渐进入主题；主题-承启型：首先点出主题，再通过承上启下的句子进行概括性阐述，自然过渡到正文。例1 （导言句）Nowadays more and more people care abo
2、ut the shortage of natural resources of this planet. (主题句) With the rapid growth of population and industry, the more resources we make use of, the less there will be left for the future.例2 (主题句) After years of enthusiasm for more children, childbearing is losing its appeal to many young couples, es
3、pecially in big cities. (承启句1) Many newly-weds put off having children or decide not to have any at all. (承启句2) The reasons are as follows.2. 主体段一般由一个或两个平行的段落组成，需围绕引言部分所提出的主题，选用相关细节和事实依据解释说明主题。主题论证包括若干个方面，主体段中的每个段落只围绕自己的主题句从一个方面阐明文章的主题，各段落都从不同的方面对文章的主题展开论证，即文章的每一观点或每一层次意思，在主体部分都分别有相应的一个发展段来阐述，不能出现纰漏
4、，因此主题包括几层意思或观点，就有几个发展段落。各段的内容通过其主题句紧扣引言部分阐述的中心思想。3. 结尾段 结尾段是文章的结束语，是作者对文章内容的归纳，概括和总结，是文章必不可缺的重要组成部分。它可以是一两句话，也可以是自成一段；它以简洁的语句概括，总结全文的中心思想，重述主题，使文章主题得以再现。以Why I Attend College?为题目写篇作文。不少于120 词1 为什么上大学，上大学值得吗？2 陈述上大学的理由（自身喜欢学习，大学不仅提供知识还是展示不同观点的场所，大学毕业后更容易找工作等）3 上大学不是浪费时间和金钱。Why I Attend College?Why di
5、d I choose to attend college? Is it worthwhile? I had put these questions to myself many times in the past two years, and now I have reached the conclusion that college education is something that I truly want and it is worthwhile.I chose to attend college because I enjoy learning. I chose to attend
6、 college also because I feel college is more than a place which offers knowledge. It also exposes one to a rich varity of ideas. Finally, I feel that in todays world, a college education has becaome almost essential if one wishes to compete in the job market. Attending college is a practical and nec
7、essary step to ensure a secure future for myself.For these reasons， I never think attending college is a waste of time and money.正确使用段落启始语和过渡性词语（1）表示“启”的过渡词语用于引导主题句或用于主题句的后面，引发第一个发展句： firstly, at first, first of all, in the beginning, at present, to begin with, currently, to start with, lately, for
8、one thing, now, recently, on the one hand, in general, generally speaking, in recent years, comparatively speaking, nowadays, in my opinion, obviously, undoubtedly, etc.（2） 表示“承）的过渡词语用于承接主题句或前一个发展句：secondly, thirdly, also, too, besides, in addition, furthermore, moreover, what is more, for another,
9、for example, for instance, as an example, as another example, namely, then, in other words, in the same way, after that, from now on, later, meanwhile, at the same time, soon, of course, for this purpose, equally, surely, obviously, especially, in fact, no doubt, etc.(3)表示“转”的过渡词语 用于表示不同或相反的情况：after
10、 all, but, yet, however, conversely, though, although, in spite of, on the contrary, in contrast, unlike, on the other hand, all the same, unfortunately, still, in fact, as a matter of fact, in any case, at any rate, otherwise, instead, etc.（4） 表示“合”的过渡词语用于总结段落中上文的内容，引导一个发展句或结尾句，也可以用于文章的最后一段等：finall
11、y, hence, in brief, in conclusion, in short, in summary, therefore, thus, to sum up, to conclude, to summarize, briefly, above all, as a consequence, as a result, for this reason, as has been noted, as I have said, at last, consequently, so, after all, in general, in a word, on the whole, etc.短文写作的技
12、巧与套路一 写作要领1. 审题例 Directions: For this part, youre required to write a composition on the topic “My view on examinations”. You should write at least 100 words, and your composition should be based on the outline given in Chinese below and write your composition on the answer sheet.My view on examinat
13、ionsOutline: （1.） 考试的必要性 (2) 考试的弊端 （3）你对考试的看法。2. 确定段落结构专接本作文结构比较固定，通常为三段。列出三段式提纲，确定隔断主题例 Money( 1. )有人认为金钱是万能的(2.) 有人认为金钱是万恶之源（the source of all crimes）(3.)我对金钱的看法3. 确定主题句主题句应具有以下特点：1.结构完整 2.表述清楚 3.具有概括性。例 Environmental Pollution1世界人口越来越多，环境污染也随之加重。2. 环境污染治理情况。 3. 需进一步采取的措施。第一段： 主要描述随着世界人口越来越多，环境污染也
14、随之加重的现状 ，主题句确定为：Now environmental pollution has become a very serious problem the world is facing today.第二段：说明环境污染的治理情况。主题句确定为：People are working hard to find ways to keep the earth clean .第三段：说明如何进一步采取措施解决环境污染问题。主题句确定为：However, in future, more efforts will be needed to win the battle against pollut
15、ion.三 文章套路1. 作文类型(1) 现象阐释型 典型题目如：Why College students have difficulty finding jobs?Why College students take a part-time job?Chattng on line?(2) 问题解决型 典型题目如：How to solve the problem of heavy traffic?How to succeed in a job interview?(3) 对比选择型 典型题目如.Choose a famous university or a favorite major?（1） 观点论证型 典型题目如Harmfulness of fake commoditiesWhy I attend college?The benefits of making friends of different kinds（2） 利弊评述型 典型题目如The development of a private carDo “Lucky numbers” really bring good luck?College life in internet eraMy view on examination2. 作文类型与段落组织模式作文类型段
