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1、学校代码:10128学 号：200920205048本科毕业设计外文文献翻译英文题目：Software Database An Object-Oriented Perspective.中文题目：软件数据库的面向对象的视角学生姓名：宋兰兰学院:信息工程学院系别:软件工程系专业:软件工程班级：软件09-1指导教师:关玉欣讲师二O三年六月内蒙古工业大学本科毕业设计外文文献翻译A HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVEFrom the earliest days of computers, storing and manipulating data have been a major appli
2、cation focus. The first general-purpose DBMS was designed by Charles Bachman at General Electric in the early 1960s and was called the Integrated Data Store. It formed the basis for the network data model, which was standardized by the Conference on Data Systems Languages (CODASYL) and strongly infl
3、uenced database systems through the 1960s. Bachman was the first recipient of ACMs Turing Award (the computer science equivalent of a Nobel prize) for work in the database area; he received the award in 1973. In the late 1960s, IBM developed the Information Management System (IMS) DBMS, used even to
4、day in many major installations. IMS formed the basis for an alternative data representation framework called the hierarchical data model. The SABRE system for making airline reservations was jointly developed by American Airlines and IBM around the same time, and it allowed several people to access
5、 the same data through computer network. Interestingly, today the same SABRE system is used to power popular Web-based travel services such as Travelocity!In 1970, Edgar Codd, at IBMs San Jose Research Laboratory, proposed a new data representation framework called the relational data model. This pr
6、oved to be a watershed in the development of database systems: it sparked rapid development of several DBMSs based on the relational model, along with a rich body of theoretical results that placed the field on a firm foundation. Codd won the 1981 Turing Award for his seminal work. Database systems
7、matured as an academic discipline, and the popularity of relational DBMSs changed the commercial landscape. Their benefits were widely recognized, and the use of DBMSs for managing corporate data became standard practice.In the 1980s, the relational model consolidated its position as the dominant DB
8、MS paradigm, and database systems continued to gain widespread use. The SQL query language for relational databases, developed as part of IBM s System R project, is now the standard query language. SQL was standardized in the late 1980s, and the current standard, SQL-92, was adopted by the American
9、National Standards Institute (ANSI) and International Standards Organization (ISO). Arguably, the most widely used form of concurrent programming is the concurrent execution of database programs (called transactions). Users write programs as if they are to be run by themselves, and the responsibilit
10、y for running them concurrently is given to the DBMS. James Gray won the 1999 Turing award for his contributions to the field of transaction management in a DBMS.In the late 1980s and the 1990s, advances have been made in many areas of database systems. Considerable research has been carried out int
11、o more powerful query languages and richer data models, and there has been a big emphasis on supporting complex analysis of data from all parts of an enterprise. Several vendors (e.g., IBMs DB2, Oracle & Informix UDS) have extended their systems with the ability to store new data types such as image
12、s and text, and with the ability to ask more complex queries. Specialized systems have been developed by numerous vendors for creating data warehouses, consolidating data from several databases, and for carrying out specialized analysis.An interesting phenomenon is the emergence of several enterpris
13、e resource planning(ERP) and management resource planning (MRP) packages, which add a substantial layer of applicatioriented features on top of a DBMS. Widely used packages include systems from Baan, Oracle, PeopleSoft, SAR and Siebel. These packages identify a set of common tasks (e.g., inventory m
14、anagement, human resources planning, financial analysis) encountered by a large number of organizations and provide a general application layer to carry out these tasks. The data is stored in a relational DBMS, and the application layer can be customized to different companies, leading to lower Intr
15、oduction to Database Systems overall costs for the companies, compared to the cost of building the application layer from scratch. Most significantly, perhaps, DBMSs have entered the Internet Age. While the first generation of Web sites stored their data exclusively in operating systems files, the u
16、se of a DBMS to store data that is accessed through a Web browser is becoming widespread. Queries are generated through Web-accessible forms and answers are formatted using a markup language such as HTML, in order to be easily displayed in a browse匚 All the database vendors are adding features to their DBMS aimed at making it more suitable for deployment over the Internet. Database management continues to gain importance as
