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1、【演讲者及介绍】Juliet Brophy古人类学家朱丽叶-布罗菲（Juliet Brophy）探讨了南部非洲的人类进化。【演讲主题】一个新的祖先物种是如何改变我们的人类进化理论的？【中英文字幕】翻译者Doris Zhang 校对者Yolanda Zhang00:13Human origins. Who are we? Where do we come from, and how do we know? In my field, paleoanthropology, we explore human origins - the who and where questions - by anal
2、yzing fossils that date back thousands and even millions of years. In 2015, a team of colleagues and I named a new species in the genus Homo - our genus - Homo naledi. Lets take a step back and put that into context. 人类是如何起源的？ 我们是谁？ 我们从哪里来？ 又是怎么知道的呢？ 在我们古人类研究领域， 我们通过分析几千年前， 甚至百万年前的化石， 来探索人类的起源 回答“是谁
3、”和“在哪里”的问题。 2015年，我和一个考察小组 命名了一个新发现的人类物种 我们的人属 奈勒迪人。 来回顾一下这个过程， 就会更容易理解。 00:47The last common ancestors between humans and chimps date somewhere between six and eight million years. The earliest hominins, or earliest human ancestors, evolved into a group known as the australopithecines. The australo
4、pithecines evolved into the genus Homo and eventually modern humans - us. 最晚发现的猿和人的共同祖先， 可以追溯到600到800万年前。 最早的人类， 或者说人类最远的祖先， 进化为我们所说的南方古猿。 这些南方古猿进化为人属， 并最终进化成现代人类我们。 01:09With each new fossil discovery, we get a little bit closer to better understanding who we are and where we came from. With these
5、new fossil finds, we realize we now have to make changes to this tree. Until this discovery, we thought we had a pretty good idea about the patterns of evolutionary change. Current fossil evidence suggests that the earliest populations of the genus Homo evolved in Africa somewhere between two and th
6、ree million years. Fast-forward to approximately 300,000 years to where we see the origins of the first modern humans. While the fossil record between these time frames in Africa is relatively sparse, the fossils nonetheless demonstrated certain trends from our earliest ancestors to modern humans. F
7、or example, our brains were becoming larger relative the rest of our body. Our pelves were becoming more bowl-shaped, and our hand-wrist morphology, or form, suggested a change in our grip as we began to make and use stone tools and spend less time in the trees. These new fossils disrupt everything
8、we thought we knew about these trends and force us to change the way that we think about human evolution. 随着每种新化石的发现， 我们都会更接近那个答案， 更能理解我们是谁， 我们从哪里来。 基于这次新的化石发现， 我们意识到必须改变这个树形图。 在这次的发现之前， 我们以为自己对进化的 模式有个很好的概念， 现有的化石证据显示， 大概200-300万年前， 最早的人属在非洲进化而成。 快进一下，从大概30万年前，到第一批 现代人类的出现。 虽然在这个时间框架中的化石记录 相对稀少， 这些
9、化石还是展示出了 从我们最远的祖先到 现代人类的特定的演变趋势。 比方说，相对于身体的其他部位 我们的大脑变得越来越大。 我们的骨盆更呈现为盆状， 并且我们的手腕形态，或者说样子， 这些表明当我们开始制造和使用石器时， 用手抓握的方式产生了变化， 同时也更少地待在树上。 这些新发现的化石打乱了 我们对这些演变趋势的一切认知， 并迫使我们改变对人类进化的认识。02:28South Africa in general, but the Cradle of Humankind in particular, contains numerous sites where hundreds of thous
10、ands of fossils have been found. As an undergraduate student, I fell in love with one of them . Mrs. Ples. The skull of a 2.1-million-year-old early human ancestor. From that point on, I was determined to go to South Africa and study human evolution. I first traveled there in 2003, and I did get to
11、see my beloved Mrs. Ples. 南非这片土地， 是人类发展的摇篮。 那里无数的遗址中， 数以万计的化石还未曾被发现。 在读本科的时候，我爱上了其中一个 普莱斯先生。 这是我们在210万年前 一个早期远祖的头骨。 从那时起， 我决定去南非，研究人类进化。 2003年，我第一次去那里， 并有机会看望了我深爱的普莱斯先生。02:55(Laughter) （笑声） 02:56But words can hardly convey my excitement when I was chosen as an early career scientist by Lee Berger, a
12、 world-renowned paleoanthropologist, to be one of the primary analysts of recently excavated unpublished fossils. 语言根本无法形容我当时的激动心情。 当时我被世界著名的古人类学家李博格 选为青年科技人员， 并在一个最近发掘 但尚未公布的化石遗址，担任分析组成员。03:13This treasure trove of fossils was being recovered from a new site called the Dinaledi Chamber in the Risin
13、g Star cave system. Species are often named based on a skull, a lower jaw, or, very rarely, a handful of postcranial, or below-the-neck, elements. The fossils from Dinaledi were another story altogether. An unprecedented approximately 1800 specimens - so far - have been excavated from the Rising Sta
14、r system, representing at least 15 individual skeletons. The research team that I was invited to join was tasked with describing, comparing and analyzing the fossils, with the difficult goal of identifying to what species the fossils belonged. We were divided up into our different areas of expertise
15、. We were divided up in different areas of the lab, too. So there was Hand Land, for the fossil hand people, Hip Heaven for the pelvis . I was in the Tooth Booth. 这个化石宝藏是在一个叫 Dinaledi Chamber的新遗址里发现的 属于瑞星洞系。 我们以往常常根据头颅骨，下颚， 或者，极少见的情况下， 一把颅后骨或者颈下骨的特点命名标本。 在Dinaledi发现的化石却是不同的情况。 在瑞星系列洞穴出土了 大概1800件的标本
16、到目前为止 这是一个史无前例的数目， 它至少可以拼成15具独立的骨架。 我参加的那个研究小组收到一项任务， 对这些难以分辨哪一块 属于哪一具骨架的化石 进行描述，比较和分析。 我们被分成了不同领域的专项组。 还被分配到了不同领域的实验室。 因此，这里有Hand Land, 一个专门研究手的小组， Hip Heaven 是骨盆专家们. 我是研究牙齿的，在 Tooth Booth组。 04:15(Laughter) （笑声） 04:16And after long, intense days in the lab, the different teams would meet up at night and discuss our findings, still consumed by questions from our analyses. It was incredible ho
