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1、【演讲者及介绍】Yaniv Erlich计算遗传学家，着迷于DNA和数据之间的联系。【演讲主题】我们如何建立世界上最大的家谱翻译者 psjmz mz 校对者 YanyanHong00:12People use the internet for variousreasons. It turns out that one of the most popular categories of website issomething that people typically consume in private. It involves curiosity,non-insignificant leve
2、ls of self-indulgence and is centered around recordingthe reproductive activities of other people. 人们因各种原因使用着互联网。一种最受欢迎的网站是人们常常私下浏览的东西。它涉及到好奇心，无关自我放纵程度，并以记录他人的生殖记录为中心。00:36(Laughter) Of course, Im talking aboutgenealogy - （笑声）当然，我讨论的是家谱学00:39(Laughter) the study of family history. （笑声）也就是对家庭历史的研究。00
3、:43When it comes to detailing family history,in every family, we have this person that is obsessed with genealogy. Letscall him Uncle Bernie. Uncle Bernie is exactly the last person you want to sitnext to in Thanksgiving dinner, because he will bore you to death with peculiardetails about some ancie
4、nt relatives. But as you know, there is a scientificside for everything, and we found that Uncle Bernies stories have immensepotential for biomedical research. 当说到详细的家族历史，在每个家庭中，我们都有一个痴迷于家谱的人。我们姑且叫他伯尼叔叔吧。伯尼叔叔正是你在感恩节晚餐上，最不想坐在一起的人，因为他会用一些远古亲戚的奇特细节把你烦死。但正如你所知，任何事物都有科学的一面，我们发现伯尼叔叔的故事具有巨大的生物医学研究潜力。01:13W
5、e let Uncle Bernie and his fellowgenealogists document their family trees through a genealogy website . When users upload their trees to the website, it scans theirrelatives, and if it finds matches to existing trees, it merges the existingand the new tree together. The result is that large family t
6、rees are created,beyond the individual level of each genealogist. Now, by repeating this processwith millions of people all over the world, we can crowdsource the constructionof a family tree of all humankind. 我们让伯尼叔叔和他的家谱同行，通过族谱网站 记录他们的家谱。当用户上传他们的家谱树到网站时，网站会扫描他们的亲戚，如果它发现匹配上现存的家谱树，它会合并现存的和新的家谱树。结果是超
7、大的家族树创建起来了，超越了每个家谱学家的个人水平。现在，凭借着全球数百万人不断重复这个过程，我们可以众包全人类家谱树的建设。01:51Using this website, we were able to connect125 million people into a single family tree. 使用这个网站，我们能够在一颗家族树上连接 1.25 亿人。 02:49Thanks to the hard work of ourgenealogists, we can go back in time hundreds of years ago. For example, herei
8、s Alexander Hamilton, who was born in 1755. Alexander was the first USSecretary of the Treasury, but mostly known today due to a popular Broadwaymusical. We found that Alexander has deeper connections in the showbizindustry. In fact, hes a blood relative of . Kevin Bacon! 感谢家谱学家的努力工作，我们可以回到数百年前。比如，这
9、是亚历山大汉密尔顿，他出生于 1755 年。亚历山大是首任美国财政部长，但主要由于一部流行的百老汇音乐剧而广为人知。我们发现亚历山大在娱乐圈有更深厚的人脉。事实上，他是凯文贝肯的血亲！03:20(Laughter) （笑声） 03:22Both of them are descendants of a lady fromScotland who lived in the 13th century. So you can say that Alexander Hamiltonis 35 degrees of Kevin Bacon genealogy. 他们都是13世纪一位来自苏格兰的女士的后代
10、。所以你可以说亚历山大汉密尔顿是 35 度凯文贝肯的宗谱。03:33(Laughter) （笑声）03:34And our tree has millions of stories likethat. 我们的家谱树有数百万类似的故事。03:40We invested significant efforts to validatethe quality of our data. Using DNA, we found that .3 percent of themother-child connections in our data are wrong, which could match th
11、e adoptionrate in the US pre-Second World War. 我们投入了不小的工作在验证数据的质量上。使用DNA，我们发现我们数据中有 0.3% 的母子关系是错误的，这可能与二战前美国的收养率相当。03:56For the fathers side, the news is not asgood: 1.9 percent of the father-child connections in our data are wrong. And Isee some people smirk over here. It is what you think - there
12、are many milkmenout there. (Laughter) However, this 1.9 percent error rate in patrilinealconnections is not unique to our data. Previous studies found a similar errorrate using clinical-grade pedigrees. So the quality of our data is good, andthat should not be a surprise. Our genealogists have a pro
13、found, vestedinterest in correctly documenting their family history. 父亲方面，消息也并不乐观：我们的数据中 1.9% 的父子关系是错误的。我看到有人在这儿讪笑。这是你们在想的外面有很多挤牛奶的人。（笑声）然而这 1.9% 的父子关系错误率不是我们数据独有的。早先使用临床级血统的研究也发现了类似的错误率。所以我们的数据质量是良好的，并且这也不应该是个意外。我们的系谱学家对正确记录他们的家族史有着浓厚的兴趣。04:40We can leverage this data to learnquantitative informati
14、on about humanity, for example, questions aboutdemography. Here is a look at all our profiles on the map of the world. Eachpixel is a person that lived at some point. And since we have so much data, youcan see the contours of many countries, especially in the Western world. Inthis clip, we stratifie
15、d the map that Ive showed you based on the year ofbirths of individuals from 1400 to 1900, and we compared it to known migrationevents. 我们可以利用这些数据来了解人类的定量信息，比如，有关人口统计学的问题。这是我们的资料在世界地图上的样子。每个像素代表一个生活在特定位置的人。由于我们有很多数据，你可以看到很多国家的轮廓，尤其在西方世界。在这个视频片段中，我们把给你展示的地图根据 1400-1900 年出生的人口进行分层，并且跟已知的迁移事件比较。05:57No
16、w, since these migration events aregiving the context of families, we can ask questions such as: What is thetypical distance between the birth locations of husbands and wives? Thisdistance plays a pivotal role in demography, because the patterns in whichpeople migrate to form families determine how genes spread in geographicalareas. We analyzed this distan
