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1、大学英语四六级讲义四级写作（下）第四节 题型分析在本节中我们将以题型为依据进行分析讲解，以掌握各种题目的写作方法与技巧。下面就按照题型不同，分别进行讨论。一、 图表图画题型 （Graphs/Tables and Cartoons/Pictures）表格和图表题型表格和图表题型是大学英语写作中较为常见的题型之一，也是难度较大的一种写作题型，故大家应对此类题型加强练习，熟练掌握。表格和图表题型写作注意事项l 仔细研究题目以及提示信息，看准、看清图表中的数字、线条、阴影等部分的变化趋势和走向，然后根据图表所显示的中心信息确定内容层次以及主题句。l 仔细观察分析图表所给出的大量信息，从中选取最重要，最
2、有代表性，最核心的信息，然后根据全文的主旨去组织运用所获取的关键信息,切忌简单地罗列图表所给出的信息。l 表格和图表题型写作一般采用一般现在时，但如果图表给出了具体时间参照，则应对时态进行相应的调整。l 表格和图表题型要求考生使用一些固定句型和表达法，大家应对此融会贯通。l 表格和图表题型可以细分为表格，曲线图、柱形图和圆形图。除了上述共同要点，还应弄懂这四种图在写作方面的各自特点。 表格形式要求考生对表格中所给出的大量数字进行比较分析，从中找出其变化规律。 曲线图形式要求考生认真观察坐标系所显示的数据信息，并且密切注意交汇在坐标横轴和纵轴上的数字及单位。 柱形图形式要求考生通过宽度相等的柱形
3、的高度或长度差别来判断事物的动态发展趋势，故考生应密切关注坐标线上的刻度单位及图表旁边的提示说明与文字。 圆形图形式旨在要求考生准确理解并阐述一个被分割成大小不等切片的圆形图所传达的信息。考生应清楚掌握部分与整体，部分与部分之间的相互关系，这种关系通常是以百分比的数字形式给出的。l 列出各段的主题句。考生可以根据所给提纲或已知信息列出每段的主题句，为全文的展开铺平道路。l 严格围绕主题句展开段落。l 检查与修改。表格与图表写作的检查与修改应着重检查文章中所列举的信息是否与图表所显示的信息一致。表格和图表题型写作中常用的核心句型归纳如下：1. According to the figures g
4、iven in the table,2. This chart shows that.3. As is shown by the graph,.4. It can be seen from the statistics （chart diagram table graph figures）that.5. It is generally believed（accepted thought held） that 6. There is slight （slow steady rapid）increase （decrease decline reductionfalldroprise） in dem
5、and（income.populationpricesproduction）. 7. be on the increase （decrease rise decline）（.在不断地增加，减少，上升，下降）8. From the table （figuresdataresultsinformation）,it can be seen （concludedshownestimatedcalculatedinferred） that9. During the period 19002000 （From 19002000Since 1900For a decade, from 19052005 ）其
6、它常用表达Other Useful Expressions and Structures: 介绍图表 As is shown/described/illustrated/indicated/revealed in the cartoon/picture/graph/chart/table, .As can be clearly seen from the cartoonWhat a vivid picture it is! It tells us thatAccording to the table., As can be seen from the table., It can be see
7、n from the table.It is self-evident that, It goes without saying that, There is no denying the fact that统计数据的表达方法increase/fall slightly/a little/sharply/dramatically/drastically from.to., skyrocket/soar/rise/ decline/jump fromtoremain steady at., level off at, peak at., reach the climax at., reach t
8、he low at, account for.twice/three. times as many/much as., one fifth/a quarter/a third/a half of.数据变化的表达方法The number/amount of.increased/jumped/rose/decreased/dropped/fell/ suddenly/rapidly/ dramatically/ sharply/ steadily/ gradually/ slowly/slightly from.to.There was a sudden/rapid/dramatic/signif
9、icant/sharp/steady/gradual/slow/slight increase/jump/rise/ decrease/drop/fall in the number/amount of.from.to.开头和结尾的常用句型The two graphs describe the same thing seen in two different ways. The first diagram simply recordsThe second graph throws a new light onThe key findings taken from the surveys are
10、 as follows:This table provides several important points of comparison between A and B.一般图表作文的特征主要体现在第一段，该段的任务是描述图表同时点明图表所要表达的主题或说明的问题，如：As is shown in the table （or in the picture）.dropped from. in 1994 to.in 1996.According to the figures given in the table, .has great increased （or decreased） in t
11、he past.years （or decades）, reaching.in 1996. From the table we can also see that there has been a sharp decline （or rise） in.It is clear that大家看下面的实例，注意体会图表作文的写作特点：实例1-2002年6月真题Directions: For this part you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic Student Use of Computers. You
12、 should write at least 120 words and base your composition on the chart and the outline given below Average number of hours a student spends on the computer per week1. 上图所示为1990年、1995年、2002年某校大学生事业计算机的情况，请描述其变化；2. 请说明发生这些变化的原因（可从计算机的用途、价格或社会发展等方面加以说明）；3. 你认为目前大学生在计算机使用中有什么困难或问题。Model CompositionGrea
13、t changes have taken place in student use of computers in the university. The hours the student spent on computers per week skyrocketed from about 2 in 1990 to 20 in 2000, more than 9 times higher. This rapid increase proves that students were in closer contact with computers.To account for this phe
14、nomenon, people have come up with various reasons as listed below. In the first place, with the drop in prices of computers, more students could afford computers, therefore they could spend much more time with computers. In the second place, the computers were applied to wider and wider use and stud
15、ents had to take advantage of this modern invention. Last but not the least important, the development of society pushed computers into more dormitories.Whatever the reason, there are still some problems with student use of computers. To begin with, many students still have no computers of their own. Whats more, many students use computers only to play e-games and browse porn websites, which causes harm to their mind. （172 words）实例2-1991年6月真题Changes in Peoples Diet Food19861987198819891990Grain49%
