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1、Nov. 3, 2008Jan. 10, 2003 - local noon, Kiruna, SwedenJan. 10, 2003 - local noon, Kiruna, Sweden1Nov. 3, 2008Jan. 14, 2003 Southern Norway2Nov. 3, 2008Polar Stratospheric OzonePolar Stratospheric OzoneDr. Paul A. NewmanDr. Paul A. NewmanNASAs Goddard Space Flight CenterNASAs Goddard Space Flight Cen
2、terIPY WebcastIPY WebcastNASA GSFCNASA GSFCNov. 3, 2008Nov. 3, 20083Nov. 3, 2008Ozone Basic FactsOzone Basic FactsO3 = Ozone is composed of 3 oxygen atoms.O3 concentrations are small (peak concentrations are about 10 parts per million at an altitude of about 32 km (20 miles).O3 absorbs harmful solar
3、 ultraviolet radiation. A necessary condition for life.O3 is mainly found in the the stratosphere.O3 at the ground is a problem! Inhalation of ozone for very small concentrations can cause lung problems .Mass: (Billion Metric Tons)Sun1,9900,000,000,000,000,000Earth5,980,000,000,000Global atmosphere5
4、,300,000Global ozone3OxygenOzone4Nov. 3, 2008Atmospheric CompositionAtmospheric Composition NitrogenNitrogen78.1%78.1% OxygenOxygen20.9%20.9% ArgonArgon0.9%0.9% WaterWater1.4% (tropics)1.4% (tropics) 0.2% (poles)0.2% (poles) 0.0004% (stratosphere)0.0004% (stratosphere) COCO220.0360% 0.0360% OO330.00
5、1% (stratosphere)0.001% (stratosphere) 0.00001% (troposphere)0.00001% (troposphere)5Nov. 3, 2008180200220240260280300Temperature (K)020406080100Altitude (km)TroposphereStratosphereMesosphereThermosphereAtmospheric StructureAtmospheric StructureAltitude (miles)100203040506081oF45oF9oF-27oF-63oF-99oF-
6、135oF6Nov. 3, 2008020406080100Altitude (km)TroposphereStratosphereMesosphereThermosphereAtmospheric StructureAtmospheric StructureAltitude (miles)1002030405060Airliners fly at 30,000-40,000 feet7Nov. 3, 2008020406080100Altitude (km)TroposphereStratosphereMesosphereThermosphereAtmospheric StructureAt
7、mospheric StructureAltitude (miles)1002030405060ER-2 flies at 70,000 feet8Nov. 3, 2008020406080100Altitude (km)TroposphereStratosphereMesosphereThermosphereAtmospheric StructureAtmospheric StructureAltitude (miles)1002030405060OxygenOzone9Nov. 3, 2008Ozone (parts per million)020406080100Altitude (km
8、)TroposphereMesosphereThermosphereOzone FactsOzone FactsAltitude (miles)100203040506090% of ozone is in the stratosphere0246810Nov. 3, 2008Ozone (parts per million)020406080100Altitude (km)StratosphereMesosphereThermosphereOzone FactsOzone FactsAltitude (miles)10020304050600246810% of ozone is in th
9、e troposphere11Nov. 3, 2008Digression: Dobson UnitsDigression: Dobson Units3 mm = 300 Dobson Units3 mm = 300 Dobson Units Total Ozone is a measure of the Total Ozone is a measure of the total column amount above us. total column amount above us. Measured in Dobson UnitsMeasured in Dobson Units If we
10、 bring all of the ozone above If we bring all of the ozone above us down to the Earths surfaceus down to the Earths surface The thickness would be about 3 The thickness would be about 3 millimeters (0.1 inches) = 300 millimeters (0.1 inches) = 300 Dobson Units (approximately the Dobson Units (approx
11、imately the global average)global average) 100 Dobson Units = 1 millimeter in 100 Dobson Units = 1 millimeter in thicknessthickness*The Dobson Unit is a convenient unit of The Dobson Unit is a convenient unit of measurement for total column ozonemeasurement for total column ozone22101012Nov. 3, 2008
12、Ozone (part per million)020406080100Altitude (km)StratosphereOzone FactsOzone FactsAltitude (miles)100203040506002468UVc - 100% AbsorptionUVb - 90% AbsorptionUVa - 50% Absorption & ScatteringOzone is the Earths natural sunscreen13Nov. 3, 2008UV Health FactsUV Health Facts UV pluses: produces vitamin
13、 D in the skin - UV pluses: produces vitamin D in the skin - necessary to maintain levels of calcium and necessary to maintain levels of calcium and phosphorus (10-15 minutes twice a week)phosphorus (10-15 minutes twice a week) UV minuses:UV minuses: Eye damage: cataracts, photokerititus Eye damage:
14、 cataracts, photokerititus (snowblinding), ocular cancers (snowblinding), ocular cancers Skin cancers: basal, squamous, Skin cancers: basal, squamous, melanomamelanoma photoagingphotoaging Damage to various land speciesDamage Damage to various land speciesDamage to aquatic speciesto aquatic species
15、Increased pollution levels in urban Increased pollution levels in urban environmentsenvironmentsCataractMelanomaMexico City14Nov. 3, 2008Large polar ozone losses Large polar ozone losses result from chlorine and result from chlorine and bromine compounds that are bromine compounds that are mainly hu
16、man producedmainly human produced15Nov. 3, 2008CFC-12 released in troposphereCarried into stratosphere in the tropics by slow rising circulationCFC-12 photolyzed in stratosphere by solar UV, releasing ClCl catalytically destroys O3Cl reacts with CH4 or NO2 to form non-reactive HCl or ClONO2PolarlossChlorine PathwayChlorine Pathway16Nov. 3, 2008Source GasesSource GasesCl is much more abundant than Br, but Br is about 60 times more effective at O3 destruction17Nov. 3, 2008Atmospheric Chlorine Tren
