考研英语（翻译）历年真题试卷汇编36（总分：100.00,做题时间：180分钟）翻译题（总题数：4,分数：100.00）历史研究的方法论一一1999年英译汉及详解[Fl] While （here are almost as many definitions of history as there are historians, modern practice most closely conforms to one that sees hisiory as the attempt to recreate and explain the significant events of the past. Caught in the web of its own time and place, each generation of historians determines anew what is significant for it in the past. In this search the evidence found is always incomplete and scattered: it is also frequently partial or partisan. The irony of the historian's craft is that its practitioners always know that their efforts are but contributions to an unending process.[F2] Interest in historical methods has arisen less through externa] challenge to the validily of hisiory as an inlellectual discipline and more 1'rom internal quarrels among historians themselves. Whi1e history once revered its affinity to literature and philosophy, the emerging social sciences seemed to afford greater opportunities for asking new questions and providing rewarding approaches to an understanding of the past. Social science methodologies had to be adapted to a discipline governed by the primacy of historical sources rather than the imperatives of the contemporary world. [F3] During this transfer, traditional historical methods were augmented by additional methodologies designed to interpret the neiv forms of evidence in the historical study.Methodology is a term that remains inherently ambiguous in the historical profession. [F4] There is no agreement whether methodology refers to the concepts peculiar to historical work in general or lo lh。
research lechniqucs appropriate lo ihe various branches of historical inquiry. Historians, especially those so blinded by their research interests that they have been accused of "tunnel method”, frequently fall victim to the^technicist fallacy*. Also common in the natural sciences, the technicist fallacy mistakenly identifies the discipline as a whole with certain parts of its technical implementation.[F5] It applies equally to tradilionnl historians ivhQ vic谭 history as only ihc cxlcrnal and inlernal crilicism oT sources, and lo social science historians who equale （heir aclivily wilh specific techniques.（分数：25） 1. （Fl]（分数：5）正确答案：（几乎每个历史学家对史学都有自己的界定，但现代史学家的实践最趋向于认为历史学是试图 重现过去的重大史实并对其做出解释。
解析:本句考查的重点是：while句型和as…as…的译法主干是：While…,modernpractice-••conforms to one that…While在这里的含义是“但是”,表转折as…as…是同级比拟， 在这个句子中没有必要译成“像…一样多”，可以直译为“有多少历史学家就有多少对史学下的定义”， 或者“每个历史学家对史学下的定义不同”主句中，one承接的是上文的definitions： that sees…as…past是one的定语从句；不定式to recreate and explain作定语修饰attempt2. [F2]（分数：5） 正确答案：（人们之所以关注历史研究的方法论，主要是因为史学界内部意见不一，其次是因为外界并不 认为历史是一门学问解析：本句考查的重点是:less…more…结构的译法该句的主干是：Interest…has arisen less through…and more from…less…和more…可以与more…than…等词组联系起来理解它们大都表示 抽象意义上的比拟并且肯定more后的成分，否认less后的成分在本句中，less…more…是两个事物重 要程度的比拟，可以译成“主要是…其次是…”，”与其说…不如…”，“主要不是…，而是…”等等。
3. [F3]（分数：5） 正确答案：（在这种转变中，历史学家研究历史时，那些解释新史料的新方法充实了传统的历史研究方 法解析：本句考查的重点是：代词的指代、词义确定、被动语态、过去分词作后置定语该句为简单句， 其主干是…methods were argumented by…methodologies designed to…，翻译时可以将被动语态译成 主动形式：by后面带的宾语additional methodologies…作译文中的主语,原来的主语traditional historical methods那么作译文中的宾语this transfer指的是上文中提到的转变的内容,此处可译为“在这种转变当中"designed to…study是过去分词短语作定语修饰addi tional methodologies,[Fl]（分数：5） 正确答案：（所谓方法论是指•般的历史研究中的特有概念，还是指历史探究中各个具体领域适用的研究 手段，人们对此意见不一解析：本旬考查的重点是：there be句型的译法该句子的主干是There is no agreement whether…or…there be句型比拟特殊，当它表示人们普遍的看法时，经常要根据中文习惯加上人称， 这里使用泛指人称代词“人们”。
whether…or…意为“世…还是…”,在这个句子中作agreement的同 位语：or后的局部可看作是省略了主语和谓语结构methodologyrefersthe concepts和research techniques 并列作 refer to 的宾语，peculiar to…general 修饰 the concepts,而 appropriate t…inquiry修饰research techniques.都作后置定语，翻译的时候根据汉语习惯前置4. [F5]（分数：5） 正确答案：（这种谬误同样存在于历史传统派和历史社科派：前者认为历史就是史学界内部和外部人士对 各种史料来源的评论，后者认为历史的研究是具体方法的研究解析：本句考查的重点是：代词和定语从句的译法本句的主干是It applies equally to…who…and to…who…，两个who引导的从句均为定语从句,第一个who的先行词为traditional historians,第二 个who的先行词为social science historianso翻译本句需要注意的是：一定要把代词it的指代内容 完整地翻译出来,联系上下文，此处的it指代的是“fallacy"，所以it可译为“这种谬误”。
智力测验的初衷及价值 一一1992年英译汉及详解Intelligence at best is an assumptive construct-the meaning of the word has never been clear. [Fl] There is more agreement on chc kinds of behavior referred to by the term than ihere is on how lo interpret or classify ihem. But iI is generally agreed that a person of high intel 1igence is one who can grasp ideas readily, make distinctions, reason logically, and make use of verbal and mathematical symbols in solving problems. An intelligence test is a rough measure of a child's capacity for learning, particularly for learning the kinds of things required in school. It does not measure character, social adjustment, physical endurance, manual skills, or artistic abilities. It is not supposed to-it was not designed for such purposes. [F2] T。
criticize il for such failure is roughly comparable lo criticizing a ihermomeler 「or nol measuring wind velocity.The other thing we have to notice is that t。