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1、 第一章 物流和提供链 Logistics and the Supply Chain1. 物流的经济影响（ Economic Impacts of Logistic）s：1）宏观角度,物流在国家的经济增长和发展中起到了重要作用。2）经济效用（ Economic Utility ）：产品满足顾客需求和需求的价值或有用性拥有效用（ possession utility ）：能够拥有某产品的顾客所得到的价值或有用性形式效用（ form utility ）:指产品以一种形式存在,这时产品一方面可以被顾客使用,另一方面对顾客有价值地点效用（ place utility ）:在顾客需要产品的地方能够得到产
2、品时间效用（ time utility ）:当顾客需要的时候提供产品2. 物流的定义：Logistics is that part of the supply chain process that plans, implements, and controls the efficient, effective forward andreverses flow and storage of goods, services, and related information between the point of origin and the point ofconsumption in orde
3、r to meet customers requirements.物流是提供链管理的一部分,它以满足顾客需求为目标,对产品、服务和相关信息在起始点和消费点之间的有效率的、有效果的正向和逆向流动和储存进行计划、实施和控制。3. 逆向物流（ reverse logistics）： 产品从消费者流向制造商的流动和储存4. 物流的系统方法和总成本方法（The Systems and Total Cost Approaches to Logist）ic：s1）系统方法（ systems approach）：从全公司的角度考虑,公司的目标之所以能够实现,是认识到公司的主要职能部门（营销、生产、财务和物流）
4、间的相互依赖性。寓意：主要职能部门的目的和目标必须与公司的目的和目标相一致；一个职能部门制定的决策应该考虑对其他部门的潜在影响。2）最小存货单位（ stock-keeping units, SKUs）:在库存中单独记账的每个商品种类企业物流由 内向物流 （inbound logistics, 物料向公司的移动和储存） 、物料管理 （materials management, 物料和零部件在公司内部的移动和储存）和 实物配送 （physical distribution, 产成品的储存和向顾客的移动）组成3）总成本方法（ total cost approach: 以成本效益的方式来协调内向物流、
5、物料管理和实物配送trade-offs ）：一个物流活动的变化会导致一些成本的增加,而另一些成本的下降。成本权衡（ cost5. 公司内部的物流关系1) 财务 Finance ：资金预算决策、库存价值（2) 营销 Marketing ：Place Decisions、Price Decisions、Product Decisions（缺货 stockout）、Promotion Decisions （促销决策）价格决策 : 装运港船上交货定价（ FOB origin pricing）买方、目的港船上交货定价（Logistical Relationships within the FirmLIF
6、O、FIFO）、衡量库存FOB destination pricing ）卖房、抵岸成本（ landed costs）、虚假运费（ phantom freight ）、运费吸收（ freight absorption ）3) 生产 Production 延迟（ postponement ）1. Did it surprise you that logistics can be such an important component in a countrys economic system你对物流在国家经济系统中如此重要的组成部分感到吃惊吗？为什么？The answer to this que
7、stion likely depends on a student psrior exposure to logistics. A “typical s t”udent in anundergraduate basic logistics course likely has had limited exposure to and knowledge about logistics and thus would likelybe unaware as to logistics impact on a country s economic system. As such, she/he might
8、 be pleasantly surpristhat logistics often accounts for at least 10% of a country GsD P and also is important for economic growth anddevelopment.这个问题的参考答案可能取决于学生之前接触到物流。 一个 “典型 ”的学生在本科基础物流课程可能已经有限的接触和了解物流,因此可能没有意识到物流的影响一个国家的经济体系。 因此,她/他会惊喜地发现物流通常至少占一个国家国内生产总值的10%, 也是重要的经济增长和发展。2. 区别拥有效用、形式效用、时间效用和地点
9、效用（Distinguish between possession, form, time, and place utility）.1 Possessionutility refers to the value or usefulness that comes from a customer being able to take possession of aproduct and can be influenced by the relevant payment terms. Form utility refers to a product s being in a form that (1
10、) can bused by the customer and (2) is of value to the customer. Time utility refers to having products available when they areLogistics contributes to time utility by recognizing that different products have different sensitivities to time. For example,a three-day late delivery of bananas likely ha
11、s more serious consequences than a three-day late delivery of a box of pencils. Asfor place utility, logistics facilitates products being moved from points of lesser value to points of greater value.One reason for the increased importance of logistics involves a reduction in economic regulation. Thi
12、s allowed individualcarriers flexibility in terms of pricing and service and provided them with an opportunity to break away from aapproach. Second, changes in consumer behavior, such as an increasing number of market segments, necessitate flexiblerather than rigid logistics systems. Third, technolo
13、gical advances have allowed logisticians to make faster, more informed, andmore accurate decisions. The chapter also discusses the growing power of retailers and globalization of trade as reasons forthe increased importance of logistics.“one s使物流变得更加重要的原因包括 经济规制的放松 。这赋予了个体承运人在定价和服务上的灵活性,提供了一个摆脱“一刀切
14、”方法的机会。第二, 顾客行为的改变 ,例如不断增加的细分市场,需要柔性的而不是僵化的物流系统。第The total cost approach to logistics is built on the premise that all relevant activities in moving and storing productsshould be considered as a whole (i.e., their total cost) and not individually. Use of the total cost approach requires anunderstand
15、ing of cost trade-offs. In other words, changes to one logistics activity cause some costs to increase and others todecrease. The key to the total cost approach is that all relevant cost items are considered simultaneously when making alowest total cost that supports the organizations customBriefly
16、discuss each of the four basic aspects of the marketing mix and how each interfaceswith the logistics function. In your opinion, which component of the marketing mix represents the most important interfacewith logistics? Why?The four basic aspects of the marketing mix are place, price, product, and promotion. With r
