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1、p?E?5N?5N?Vg?5N?Vg3?N?Vg?5?m?m?N?a?5?m(?$?X?5C?16:22p?E?5N?5N?Vg?5N?Vg3?N?Vg?5?m?m?N?a?5?m(?$?X?5C?1? K ?V=Kn? U=KmO K ? n ?!m ?mAmn? K ? : VUx7Ax ?=?k?55?16:22p?E?5N?5N?Vg?5N?Vg3?N?Vg?5?m?m?N?a?5?m(?$?X?5C?1? K ?V=Kn? U=KmO K ? n ?!m ?mAmn? K ? : VUx7Ax ?=?k?55?2? a?N?Vg?5?m?m?N?a?5?m(?$?X?5C?1? K
2、?V=Kn? U=KmO K ? n ?!m ?mAmn? K ? : VUx7Ax ?=?k?55?2? a?N?Vg?5?m?m?N?a?5?m(?$?X?5C?1? K ?V=Kn? U=KmO K ? n ?!m ?mAmn? K ? : VUx7Ax ?=?k?55?2? ab ? V=Ca,bPa,bm?Y?NU?V ? R ?5?m=Rbadx : Ca,b Rf(x) 7Rbaf(x)dx?k?55?3 C1(a,b)P(a,b)m?N? R ?5?m=ddx: C1(a,b) F(a,b)f(x) 7f(x)?k?55?p F(a,b)P(a,b)?N? R ?5?m4 R2
3、R2?7?:_?= ?N?k?55?16:22p?E?5N?5N?Vg (?5N?)? K ?5?m : VU ?N?ve?16:22p?E?5N?5N?Vg (?5N?)? K ?5?m : VU ?N?ve?1(+) =() +(),(, V)16:22p?E?5N?5N?Vg (?5N?)? K ?5?m : VU ?N?ve?1(+) =() +(),(, V)2(k) =k(),(V,kK)16:22p?E?5N?5N?Vg (?5N?)? K ?5?m : VU ?N?ve?1(+) =() +(),(, V)2(k) =k(),(V,kK)K ?d V ? U ?5N? U=V
4、? ? V ?5C?16:22p?E?5N?5N?Vg (?5N?)? K ?5?m : VU ?N?ve?1(+) =() +(),(, V)2(k) =k(),(V,kK)K ?d V ? U ?5N? U=V ? ? V ?5C? K ?5?m V ? V ?5N?NP?L(V,U)V ?5C?NP?L(V)16:22p?E?5N?5N?Vg (?5N?)? K ?5?m : VU ?N?ve?1(+) =() +(),(, V)2(k) =k(),(V,kK)K ?d V ? U ?5N? U=V ? ? V ?5C? K ?5?m V ? V ?5N?NP?L(V,U)V ?5C?N
5、P?L(V)? : VU ? K ?5?m V ? U ?5N?16:22p?E?5N?5N?Vg (?5N?)? K ?5?m : VU ?N?ve?1(+) =() +(),(, V)2(k) =k(),(V,kK)K ?d V ? U ?5N? U=V ? ? V ?5C? K ?5?m V ? V ?5N?NP?L(V,U)V ?5C?NP?L(V)? : VU ? K ?5?m V ? U ?5N?1e 1-1 ?= (x) =(y)?X x=yK ?16:22p?E?5N?5N?Vg (?5N?)? K ?5?m : VU ?N?ve?1(+) =() +(),(, V)2(k)
6、=k(),(V,kK)K ?d V ? U ?5N? U=V ? ? V ?5C? K ?5?m V ? V ?5N?NP?L(V,U)V ?5C?NP?L(V)? : VU ? K ?5?m V ? U ?5N?1e 1-1 ?= (x) =(y)?X x=yK ?2e ?=(x) |xV =UK ?16:22p?E?5N?5N?Vg (?5N?)? K ?5?m : VU ?N?ve?1(+) =() +(),(, V)2(k) =k(),(V,kK)K ?d V ? U ?5N? U=V ? ? V ?5C? K ?5?m V ? V ?5N?NP?L(V,U)V ?5C?NP?L(V)
7、? : VU ? K ?5?m V ? U ?5N?1e 1-1 ?= (x) =(y)?X x=yK ?2e ?=(x) |xV =UK ?3e =?q?K ?V?16:22p?E?5N?5N?VgK (?5N?5?)? : VU ? K ?5?m V ? U ?5N?K16:22p?E?5N?5N?VgK (?5N?5?)? : VU ? K ?5?m V ? U ?5N?K1 ?K?(0) =0(v) = (v)vV16:22p?E?5N?5N?VgK (?5N?5?)? : VU ? K ?5?m V ? U ?5N?K1 ?K?(0) =0(v) = (v)vV2 ?5|?(k+l)
8、 =k() +l(), V, k,lK16:22p?E?5N?5N?VgK (?5N?5?)? : VU ? K ?5?m V ? U ?5N?K1 ?K?(0) =0(v) = (v)vV2 ?5|?(k+l) =k() +l(), V, k,lK3 ?7? (v) =0 ?=? v=016:22p?E?5N?5N?VgK (?5N?5?)? : VU ? K ?5?m V ? U ?5N?K1 ?K?(0) =0(v) = (v)vV2 ?5|?(k+l) =k() +l(), V, k,lK3 ?7? (v) =0 ?=? v=04 ?7? r?|N?|16:22p?E?5N?5N?Vg
9、K (?5N?5?)? : VU ? K ?5?m V ? U ?5N?K1 ?K?(0) =0(v) = (v)vV2 ?5|?(k+l) =k() +l(), V, k,lK3 ?7? (v) =0 ?=? v=04 ?7? r?|N?|5 V?7? r V ?N U ?16:22p?E?5N?5N?VgK (?5N?5?)? : VU ? K ?5?m V ? U ?5N?K1 ?K?(0) =0(v) = (v)vV2 ?5|?(k+l) =k() +l(), V, k,lK3 ?7? (v) =0 ?=? v=04 ?7? r?|N?|5 V?7? r V ?N U ?6? ?V?1
10、: UV ?3?5?16:22p?E?5N?5N?VgK (?5N?5?)? : VU ? K ?5?m V ? U ?5N?K1 ?K?(0) =0(v) = (v)vV2 ?5|?(k+l) =k() +l(), V, k,lK3 ?7? (v) =0 ?=? v=04 ?7? r?|N?|5 V?7? r V ?N U ?6? ?V?1: UV ?3?5?16:22p?E?5N?5N?VgK (?5N?5?)? : VU ? K ?5?m V ? U ?5N?K1 ?K?(0) =0(v) = (v)vV2 ?5|?(k+l) =k() +l(), V, k,lK3 ?7? (v) =0
11、 ?=? v=04 ?7? r?|N?|5 V?7? r V ?N U ?6? ?V?1: UV ?3?5?1l K ?5?m? K ?5N?7?16:22p?E?5N?5N?VgK (?5N?5?)? : VU ? K ?5?m V ? U ?5N?K1 ?K?(0) =0(v) = (v)vV2 ?5|?(k+l) =k() +l(), V, k,lK3 ?7? (v) =0 ?=? v=04 ?7? r?|N?|5 V?7? r V ?N U ?6? ?V?1: UV ?3?5?1l K ?5?m? K ?5N?7?2? K ? nn ?N Trace : Mn(K) K ?5N?16:
12、22p?E?5N?5N?VgK (?5N?5?)? : VU ? K ?5?m V ? U ?5N?K1 ?K?(0) =0(v) = (v)vV2 ?5|?(k+l) =k() +l(), V, k,lK3 ?7? (v) =0 ?=? v=04 ?7? r?|N?|5 V?7? r V ?N U ?6? ?V?1: UV ?3?5?1l K ?5?m? K ?5N?7?2? K ? nn ?N Trace : Mn(K) K ?5N?3? V ? n ?5?me1,.,en V ?|K : VKn, v7 ves?5?m?m?16:22p?E?5N?5N?$?5N?$?5N?8I?5?mX
13、?8I8 R ?E?k?N?Xe? , L(V,U)(+)(v) =(v) +(v), vV;(k)(v) =k (v), kK,vV; + ? ? ? k ? ? k ?16:22p?E?5N?5N?$?5N?$?5N?8I?5?mX?8I8 R ?E?k?N?Xe? , L(V,U)(+)(v) =(v) +(v), vV;(k)(v) =k (v), kK,vV; + ? ? ? k ? ? k ?K? , L(V,U)kKK +, k L(V,U)L(V,U)U? K ?5?m16:22p?E?5N?5N?$?5N?$?5N?8I?5?mX?8I8 R ?E?k?N?Xe? , L(V
14、,U)(+)(v) =(v) +(v), vV;(k)(v) =k (v), kK,vV; + ? ? ? k ? ? k ?K? , L(V,U)kKK +, k L(V,U)L(V,U)U? K ?5?m? V=U ?3L(V)?E?N?4?L(V)?k?E?L(V)/?16:22p?E?5N?5N?$? A ? K ?5?m?k: AAA?v? a,b,cAkKK A ? K ?16:22p?E?5N?5N?$? A ? K ?5?m?k: AAA?v? a,b,cAkK1(?a (bc) = (ab) cK A ? K ?16:22p?E?5N?5N?$? A ? K ?5?m?k:
15、AAA?v? a,b,cAkK1(?a (bc) = (ab) c2?3? eA?ea=a=aeK A ? K ?16:22p?E?5N?5N?$? A ? K ?5?m?k: AAA?v? a,b,cAkK1(?a (bc) = (ab) c2?3? eA?ea=a=ae3?m?a (b+c) =ab+ac(a+b) c=ac+bcK A ? K ?16:22p?E?5N?5N?$? A ? K ?5?m?k: AAA?v? a,b,cAkK1(?a (bc) = (ab) c2?3? eA?ea=a=ae3?m?a (b+c) =ab+ac(a+b) c=ac+bc4?(?(ka) b=k
16、(ab) =a (kb)K A ? K ?16:22p?E?5N?5N?$? A ? K ?5?m?k: AAA?v? a,b,cAkK1(?a (bc) = (ab) c2?3? eA?ea=a=ae3?m?a (b+c) =ab+ac(a+b) c=ac+bc4?(?(ka) b=k(ab) =a (kb)K A ? K ?Ke?16:22p?E?5N?5N?$? A ? K ?5?m?k: AAA?v? a,b,cAkK1(?a (bc) = (ab) c2?3? eA?ea=a=ae3?m?a (b+c) =ab+ac(a+b) c=ac+bc4?(?(ka) b=k(ab) =a (kb)K A ? K ?Ke?1L(V)?16:22p?E?5N?5N?$? A ? K ?5?m?k: AAA?v? a,b,cAkK1(?a (bc) = (ab) c2?3? eA?ea=a=ae3?m?a (b+c) =ab+ac(a+b) c=ac+bc4?(?(ka) b=k(ab) =a (kb)K A ? K ?Ke?1L(V)?2Mn(K)?16:22p?E?5N?5N?$? A
