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1、1Solid State Physics Jian GONG2009. 09-2010. 01matterGasesGases have atoms or molecules that do not bond to one another in a range of pressure, temperature and volume. These molecules havent any particular order and move freely within a container.Liquids and Liquid CrystalsSimilar to gases, liquids
2、havent any atomic/molecular order and they assume the shape of the containers.Applying low levels of thermal energy can easily break the existing weak bonds.+-+-+-+-+-+-+-Solid ?Solid State Physics The purpose of this course is to present a survey of the phenomena exhibited by solid state systems an
3、d an introduction to the fundamental physical principles, mathematic concepts, and experimental techniques important in the study of solid state material.2Course information Textbook: Charles Kittel “Introduction to solid state physics” 7th, 1995. Instructor : 1) Jian Gong (Lecture)STB 0605Tel: 4992
4、967 2) Haiyun Xue (HW & Question)Tel: ?Homework, Quizzes, and Exam 20% from homeworkHomework assignments will be given out in class. 10% from quizzesThe quizzes will be held at the beginning of class after a topic has been concluded. 70% from final examThe final exam will contain questions that may
5、come from any topic which has been covered in class.Your course grade will be determined as follows:ScheduleChapter One, Crystal structureChapter Two, Reciprocal latticeChapter Four, Phonons I: Crystal vibrationChapter Five, Phonons II: Thermal propertiesChapter Six, Free electron Fermi gas Chapter
6、Seven, Energy bandsChapter Eight, Semiconductor crystalsChapter Nine, Fermi surfaces and metalsChapter Three, Crystal Binding and Elastic ConstantsFinal Exam.PhenomenaMechanical structurestrengthThermalheat capacityheat conductionphase transitionElectricalinsulatorsmetalssemiconductorssuperconductor
7、sOpticalreflection, refractionMagneticferromagnetismPrinciplesNewtons lawsMaxwells EM equationThermodynamics and statistical mechanicsQuantum mechanicsSchrodinger equationPauli exclusion principleOrder and symmetryReference Introduction to solid state physics, Charles Kittel 1995. Solid state physic
8、s, Giuseppe Grosso ,2006. Solid state physics, Ashcroft, Neil W, 2004. 固体物理学固体物理学, 黄昆黄昆, 固体物理学固体物理学, 方俊鑫方俊鑫,陆栋陆栋, 1980. 固体物理学固体物理学, 阎守胜阎守胜, 2003. 固体物理固体物理,韦丹韦丹, 2007.What is a “Solid”?A material that keeps its shape. can be deformed by stresses returns to the original shape if it is not strained too
9、 much- differs from “Fluid”Structure difference ?The atomic scale nature of materials has known for less than 100 years.The mechanical properties, especially strength against large strains, have been part of human advances for thousands of years.3SOLID MATERIALSCRYSTALLINEPOLYCRYSTALLINEAMORPHOUS(No
10、n-crystalline)Single CrystalELEMENTARY CRYSTALLOGRAPHYCrystalline SolidCrystalline Solidis the solid form of a substance in which the atoms or molecules are arranged in a definite, repeating pattern in three dimension.Single crystals, ideally have a high degree of order, or regular geometric periodi
11、city, throughout the entire volume of the material.?Single crystal has an atomic structure that repeats periodically across its whole volume. Even at infinite length scales, each atom is related to every other equivalent atom in the structure by translationalsymmetryWhat is “Solid State Physics”? Th
12、e body of knowledge is aboutthe fundamental phenomena and classifications of solid. ?A characteristic behavior exhibited by classes of solids.Such as ductile vs. brittle materialsmetals vs. insulatorssuperconductorsferromagnetic materialThe basic understanding of such “fundamental phenomena”has only
13、 occurred in the last 80 years.Due to “quantum mechanics”Aim of Solid State PhysicsSolid state physics (SSP) explains the properties of solid materials as found on earth.The properties are expected to follow from Schrdingers eqn. for a collection of atomic nuclei and electrons interacting with elect
14、rostatic forces.The fundamental laws governing the behaviour of solids are known and well tested.Chapter One Crystal structure Periodic arrays of atom Fundamental types of lattices Index system for crystal planes Simple crystal structure4Drusy Quartz in Geode Tabular Orthoclase FeldsparEncrusting Sm
15、ithsonitePeruvian PyriteSnow crystalCalcite(CaCO3) crystal is made from spherical particles.Christiaan Huygen, Leiden1690A crystal is made from spherical particles.Robert Hooke, London 1745depicted by RenHay, Paris, 1822 X-rays were discovered in 1895 by the Germanphysicist Wilhelm Conrad Rntgen and
16、 were so namedbecause their nature wasunknown at the time.He was awarded the Nobel prize for physics in 1901.Wilhelm Conrad Rntgen(1845-1923) Bertha RntgensHand 8 Nov, 1895Periodic arrays of atomIn 1912 Interference effects with Rontgen rays, Laue-19142. the studies have been extended to include amorphous or glasses and liquids.1. The crystals are composed of a periodic array of atoms.In 1912 ZnS5Solid: Crystal vs. Amorphous (glassy)Ordered array of atomsDisordered arrangementCompetition between
