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1、 分子细胞生物学分子细胞生物学Molecular CELL BIOLOGYChapter 1 Introduction to the cellLearning Objectives1.About Cell Biology2.Look briefly at the history of cell theory;3.Consider the basic properties of cells;4.Compare some characteristics of two different classes of cells: prokaryotes and eukaryotes;5.Comprehen
2、d a special life: viruses1. About “Cell Biology”What?Forwhy?How tostudy?The NIH of USA(1988): “What is popular in research today？” 3 kinds of diseases ： cancer cardiovascular diseases infectious diseases：AIDS，hepatitis 5 research fields ： cell cycle control ； cell apoptosis； cellular senescence； sig
3、nal transduction； DNA damage and repair.What we know/How we know. ISI, USA(1997) : SCI（Science Citation Index）Papers: Three tops of research fields: No1: Signal transduction； No2: Cell apoptosis； No3: Genome and post-genomic analysis。2. The Cell Theory: A Brief HistoryIn 1665, Robert Hooke saw a net
4、work of tiny boxlike compartments that reminded him of a honeycomb. He called these little compartments “cellulae”, a Latin term meaning little room. It is from this word we get our present-day term, cell. The microscope used by Robert Hooke and the honeycomb-like network of “cell” he drawed in 1665
5、The discovery of cells followed from the invention of the microscopeCell theory has three basic tenets:1. All organisms are composed of one or more cells.2.The cell is basic unit of structure and function for all organisms.3.All cells arise only from preexisting cells by division.3. Why are cells th
6、e basic units of life?A. The cell is the structural unit of life, All organisms is make up of cells.B.The cell is the functional unit of organisms. All metabolic activity is based on cells. C. The cell is the foundation of reproduce, and the bridge of inheritance. D. The cell is the growing and deve
7、loping basis of lifeHuman fetal development. (a)At 5 weeks, limb buds, eyes, the heart, the liver and rudiments of all other organs have started to develop in the embryo, which is only about 1cm long. (b)Growth and development of the offspring, now called a fetus, continue during the second trimeste
8、r. This fetus is 14 weeks old and about 6cm long. (c)The fetus in this photograph is 20 weeks old. Now the fetus grows to about 30cm in length.E. Cell (nucleus) is totipotent, which can create a new organism of the same type As a general rule, the cells of a multicellular organism all contain the sa
9、me set of genes. For animals, the first evidence that even highly specialized cell carry a full complement of genes was verified by the experiment of tadpole nuclei transplanting into unfertilized egg that had been deprived of its own nucleus. Some can develop swimming tadpoles. This is animal cloni
10、ng. An especially dramatic example of animal cloning was reported in 1997. Dolly the first animal ever cloned from a cell derived from an adult. Dolly and her daughterThe process of cloning DollyIs there any practical value to such technology?4. Basic properties of cellsA. Cells are highly complex a
11、nd organized, capable of self-regulation; Cells acquire and utilize energy.B. All cells share similar structure, composition and metabolic features: Plasma membrane, DNA/RNA, and Ribosome.C. Cells can capable of producing more of themselves, even grow and reproduce in culture for extended periods.He
12、La cells are cultured tumor cells isolated from a cancer patient named Henrietta Lacks in 1951. It is the first human cell to be kept in culture for long periods of time and is still used today.Johns Hopkins univesity,in 1951D. Cells are able to respond to stimuli via surface receptors that sense ch
13、anges in the chemical environment.Cells within plant or animal respond to stimuli less obviously than single-celled protist. But they respond. They posses receptors that interact with substances in the environment in highly specific ways. For example, the receptor on the cell surface can respond to
14、hormones and growth factors.5.The Size of Cellsa) diameter b) Measured in units of micrometers: 1um=10-6 meter nanometers: 1nm=10-9 meterc) Cell size is limited:v nucleus/cytoplasm ratio;v surface area/volume ratio;v substances can efficiently travel through the cytoplasm via diffusion.6. Two fundam
15、entally different classes of cells: Prokaryotes and eukaryotesA. Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells are distinguished by the size and the types of internal structures, or organelles, especially if there is nuclear envelope. Bacteria are prokaryotes, they arose 3.5 billion years ago;Protists, fungi, pl
16、ants, and animals are eukaryotes. The first eukaryotes arose 1.5 billion years ago.B. Characteristics that distinguish prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells(1) Complexity: Prokaryotes are relatively simple, eukaryotes are more complex in structure and functionpp.36 Table 2-2;2-3(2) Genetic material: All Cells Store Their Hereditary Information in the Same Liner Chemical Code (DNA)a.Packaging: Prokaryotes have a nucleoid region whereas ekukaryote have a true, membrane-bound nucleus.b. Amount:Eukaryote
