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1、.摘要47 / 47.威廉福克纳是美国伟大的现代主义作家。他一生著作丰硕,但目前对福克纳的研究大多都集中在他的喧哗与骚动、 我弥留之际、 圣殿、 八月之光、押沙龙,押沙龙、去吧,摩西等几部经典长篇小说上, 并且研究的焦点都在于福克纳的意识流手法,多角度叙述以及小说的复调特点,时空关系以及小说的主题,人物分析等方面,而对福克纳的后期作品的分析相对较少。村子是福克纳后期作品的代表,是福克纳斯诺普斯三部曲中的第一部,也是这三部曲中艺术价值最高的一部。它是福克纳创作过程中最具转折意义的作品。本篇论文将从弗洛伊德的精神分析法中的无意识理论,人格结构理论和象征意象的心理学分析三个方面来分析福克纳的后期作品
2、村子。首先,用弗洛伊德的无意识理论分析村子中三位男主人公弗莱姆,威尔凡纳和拉特利夫的无意识的欲望和有意识的理性。弗莱姆,威尔凡纳和拉特利夫是福克纳的村子中的三位男主人公。他们有着各自对地位,名声或财富的欲望,但是他们的欲望与社会伦理道德并不相符,所以被压抑在他们的无意识之中。由于欲望被压抑在无意识的层面时,无意识就会产生一种紧张感,而这种紧张感会在意识层面找到一种方式释放。那么弗莱姆,威尔凡纳和拉特利夫的理性行为可以被视为他们在意识层面释放紧张感和满足自己欲望的方式。他们的行为,语言和表情等都充分显示了他们的理性。由此可见,弗莱姆,威尔凡纳和拉特利夫是内部无意识的欲望和外部有意识的理性行为的结
3、合体。其次,用三重人格结构学说分析村子中的女主人公尤拉。弗洛伊德认为人格由本我、自我和超我三个部分构成。本我位于人格结构的最底层,由本能冲动和欲望构成,以追求快乐和满足为目的,按快乐原则活动。自我是人格结构的表层。它代表理性,满足本能要求,按现实原则活动并调节本我。超我代表社会道德准则,压抑本能冲动,按至善原则活动。尤拉是福克纳的村子中的女主人公,她的魔性与人格结构学说中的本我,人性与自我,神性与超我一一对应。人格结构中的三个部分是统一的,相互协调的,所以说尤拉是集人性,魔性和神性于一体的人物。再次,本篇论文将对村子中的象征意象进行弗洛伊德心理分析角度的解v .读。弗洛伊德还认为艺术是系统化,
4、客观化,可视化的白日梦,象征着作家的无意识欲望。因此,分析一个文学作品,就要打破这一作品的表面结构,以寻求如小说中事件,情节,细节和景象等象征意象的无意识意义。在福克纳的村子中,有两个很重要的象征意象,它们都象征着老法国人湾男性村民的无意识的欲望。第一个是尤拉乘坐的轻便马车。它象征着尤拉的无限魅力和村子中男人们对尤拉的原始的欲望。马车所到之处,人们都为之疯狂。第二个意象是小说中经常出现的集会。它也同样象征着人们的无意识的欲望。为了见到他们心中的女神尤拉, 村里的男人们组织各种活动,这里是他们宣泄欲望的场合。通过对这些象征意象的分析,可以对福克纳在小说中展示的人性有更深层的认识。因此,通过以上三
5、方面的分析,我们可以看出,弗莱姆,威尔凡纳和拉特利夫是无意识欲望和有意识理性的结合体；尤拉是魔性,人性和神性的三位一体；小说中的象征意象如尤拉使用的轻便马车和人们组织的各种集会活动都象征人们无意识的欲望。从而得出,在弗洛伊德心理分析的视觉下,福克纳的村子是一部深层次展示人性深度和复杂性的力作。关键词：村子；无意识；意识；人格结构；象征vi.AbstractWilliam Faulkner is one of the greatest writers in modern America. His workshave been widely studied, but most of the cri
6、tical attention goes to his several classicworks such as The Sound and the Fury, As I Lay Dying, Sanctuary, Light in August,Absalom, Absalom and Go Down, Moses, while the works created in his later life arenot adequately analyzed.The Hamlet is a representative work among Faulkners later works, and i
7、t plays avery important role in Faulkners writing career. The thesis is to analyze Faulknerslater work The Hamlet from three perspectives of unconsciousness and consciousness,personality structure and symbolism.Firstly, the thesis analyzes unconscious desires and conscious rationality of themajor ma
8、le characters in The Hamlet based on Freuds consciousness andunconsciousness theory. The three major male characters can be said as combinationsof unconscious desires and conscious rationality. Flem Snopes, Will Varner and Ratliffare three major male characters in The Hamlet. They have their own unc
9、onsciousdesires for social position, reputation or fortune. However, their desires are againstmorality and social customs in the Frenchmans Bend. Therefore, these desires arerepressed into their unconsciousness. A sense of nervousness would appear in theunconsciousness due to the repression, and one
10、 must look for a way on theconsciousness to release the sense. Their rationality could be considered the way ofrealizing their unconscious desires on the conscious level. Their rationality is seen intheir language, actions or manners and so on. Therefore, the major male characterscould be taken as c
11、ombinations of unconscious desires and conscious rationality.Secondly, the thesis will analyze the major female character Eula Varner basedupon the theory of personality structure. Freud believes that the personality structureof man contains the id, the ego and the superego. The id is the bottom par
12、t of theunconscious mind, and it acts according to the primary principle of pleasure. Theii.ego serves as intermediary between the external world and the id. It operatesaccording to the reality principle. The superego holds up certain norms of behavior,without regard to any difficulties coming from
13、the id and the external world. Eula isa major female character in The Hamlet. There is a corresponding relationshipbetween the id, the ego and the superego and her devil nature, human nature andsaint nature. Her devil nature and the id, human nature and the ego, saint nature andthe superego correspo
14、nd with each other. According to the theory, the three parts ofpersonality structure are unified and coordinated mutually. Therefore, we could saythat Eula is the trinity of devil nature, human nature and saint nature.Thirdly, the thesis is going to analyze symbols in The Hamlet from theperspective
15、of Freudian psychoanalysis. According to Freud, arts are systematized,objectified and visualized day-dreams. They symbolize the writers unconsciousdesires. In arts, symbols are often used as the agency to combine the outer and theinner, the conscious and the unconscious together. Therefore, to analyze a literarywork well, we should ruin the surface structure of arts to seek the unconsciousmeanings from symbols like incidents, plots, details and sceneries in the work. Fromthe perspective of Freudian psychoanalysis, many symbolic images are related to theu
