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1、.摘要45 / 45.本论文依据异化理论,对帕特里克怀特的长篇小说代表作人树的主题进行探讨和分析,揭示了人们遭受异化的尴尬处境以及由此产生的精神创伤和心理变态。作为一个具有强烈社会责任心的澳洲作家,怀特的笔触始终紧跟着时代的步伐,将澳洲社会转型期人们精神状态的失落、无助和经受的心灵磨难囊括进自己的文学创作中。然而,自人树一书出版以来,国内外评论界对其进行的研究和分析多局限在作品的人生或宗教主题、写作技巧包括意识流,象征主义和心理现实主义的写作手法、人物分析、神秘主义等方面,截至目前为止,还鲜有人从异化的角度对人树的主题进行系统的研究和深层次的挖掘。因此,本文试图独辟蹊径,以揭示这部被誉为具有史
2、诗般气魄的作品中不易为人察觉但又无处不在的异化感。本文首先对人树与作者,以及国内外对这部作品的研究现状作了简要的介绍和概括以及对异化理论的发展及其在西方现代文学中的呈现作了简略的梳理。然后,文章着重考察了怀特在这部作品中所表现出来的异化观。突出的有两点：一,在怀特笔下,城市被视为异化的温床,它剥夺了人们的主体性和自我意志,一旦置身其中,人们就会丧失判断世界的能力,要么变得无助而茫然,要么异化为物的奴隶。疏远,冷漠,隔离,充斥其中。二,怀特的异化观还体现在他对故事结构的构建上。小说的每部分结尾都以女主人公艾米的某种失败告终,作者意在表明,命运有时也会是一支专横的异化力量,失败是注定了的,人们主观
3、上任何的努力,都是一种徒劳,都无法与命运相抗争。紧接着本文分析了异化在人树中的具体体现,主要表现为人的自我异化和人际关系的异化。小说的主人公斯坦、艾米和塞尔玛都经历着不同程度、不同形式的自我异化,分别表现为斯坦无力摆脱的孤独感,艾米强烈的占有欲和塞尔玛对物质财富的狂热追求。其结果便是,斯坦丧失对世界的认知能力,艾米丧失了自我价值和精神自由,塞尔玛蜕变为物质财富的奴隶。人树中的人际关系iii.表现为疏远和冷漠,人与人之间充满了不信任和嫉妒,不论是家庭成员之间,还是邻里之间,隔阂始终像一堵坚不可摧的墙壁横亘在人们之间,使得真正的沟通和理解成为不可能。而表面看起来所谓的爱、友谊、互帮互助,不过是人们
4、为了掩饰自身的空虚,迎合某种社会规范而努力表现出来的作派而已。最后的结论部分总结了以上章节的主要内容,并再一次申明帕特里克怀特对澳大利亚社会转型期人们所经受的异化的极大关注和对整个人类命运的哲理式思考。关键词: 帕特里克怀特；人树；异化；人际关系；痛苦iv.AbstractThis thesis dwells upon the alienation theme in Patrick Whites The Tree of Man,probing into peoples experience of alienation and their psychic trauma and psychosis
5、.As a writer with strong social consciousness, White pays close attention in hiswritings to peoples state of mind such feelings of loss, powerlessness and spiritualsuffering in the period of social transition, The Tree of Man included. However, so far,studies of this novel home and abroad are limite
6、d to its life or religious themes, artistictechniques ,character analysis, mysticism and so on. So far as I know, no one has discussed thework from the perspective of alienation. The present thesis attempts to probe from anew angle to reveal the seemingly unintelligible but pervasive alienation in t
7、his novel.To begin with, this thesis gives an overview of Patrick White and his The Tree ofMan as well as the development of the alienation theory and its manifestation inmodern western literature.Then, the present author focuses on Whites perception of alienation reflected inThe Tree of Man. Firstl
8、y, it is seen that White views the city as a seriously alienated andalienating place which deprives people of their subjectivity and will, and consequently,people lose their ability to appreciate the world, or feel powerless and perplexed, or bereduced to material slaves. There are estrangement, col
9、dness and isolation everywhere.Whites perception of alienation is also reflected in plotting this novel. Each part endswith Amys failure in one form or another, which bears the authors view that fate couldalso be an alienating force, under the control of which people are doomed to failure. Alltheir
10、efforts to avoid being defeated are in vain.Next, the present author makes an exploration into peoples self-alienation and thealienated interpersonal relationships. The protagonists Stan, Amy and Thelma are allexperiencing alienation in different forms, Stan in his loneliness, Amy for herpossessiven
11、ess and Thelma for her thirst for fortune, which, respectively, bring aboutStans inability to appreciate the world, Amys loss of self-worth and spiritual freedomand Thelmas transformation into a slave of material pursuit. The interpersonalrelationship in The Tree of Man is of indifference and estran
12、gement. Harboring ani.intense distrust and jealousy, people are unable to get on good terms with each other.The seeming love, friendship and extended help are nothing but false manifestations ofpeople to cover their indifference or emptiness or to show behavioral propriety.Finally, the author summar
13、izes what have been discussed in the chapters aboveand the originality of the present thesis. By analyzing The Tree of Man from theperspective of alienation, the present author reaffirms Whites great concerns aboutand philosophical meditations on humans destiny.Key words: Patrick White; The Tree of
14、Man; alienation; interpersonal relationship;sufferingii.Chapter One Introduction.Chapter OneIntroduction.1.1 Patrick White and his The Tree of ManPatrick White is the most prominent writer in modern Australia as well as one ofthe most outstanding writers in the English-speaking countries. Brought up
15、 in Sydney,he was taken back to England when he was thirteen. He spent four unhappy years inan England public school, at the end of which he went back to Australia to work as ajackeroo with the prospect of becoming the future heir to the farm as his fatherintended him to be. However, he did not take up farming. Instead he went back toEngland again and studied Modern Languages at Kings College, Cambridge. Duringthe years when he was studying there, he read avariciously in European liter
