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1、单击此处编辑母版标题样式单击此处编辑母版副标题样式* *1 1西方语言学流派漫谈Schools of Linguistics: Introduction北京外国语大学中国外语教育研究中心 刘润清由 http:/ 整理1. 区分流派与分支Distinction between Schools and Branches 1.1 流派多指思潮, 有代表人物, 代表著作, 主要观点, 研究方法, 盛行时代,有其影 响, 往往有历史视角.Schools refer to trends of thought, with their representative figures, works, unique
2、 ideas, methods and influence on later development; a diachronic perspective.1.区分流派与分支 Distinction between Schools and Branches 1.2 分支多指领域, 研究范围, 也有经典著作, 有影响的人物, 多用共时观点. (Branches refer to areas of study, with their classics, and influential figures; often a synchronic perspective.)Distinction betwe
3、en Schools and Branches1. 区分流派与分支1.2 语言学的分支: Branches:从内部分:语音学, 音系(位)学, 词汇学, 形态 学, 句法学, 语义学, 语用学(?) Distinction from within: phonetics, phonology, lexicology, morphology, syntax, semantic, pragmatics (?)1. 区分流派与分支从外部分: 心理语言学, 社会语言学, 计算语 言学, 神经语言学, 文化语言学, 人类语言 学等. Distinction from without: psycholing
4、uistics, sociolinguistics, computation linguistics, neurolinguistics, anthropological linguistics, cultural linguistics, etc.1. 区分流派与分支 大分类: 理论语言学, 应用语言学 Theoretical linguistics and applied linguistics. 1. 区分流派与分支1.3 语言学流派: 传统语法 (600BC18世纪)traditional grammar; 历史语言学(19世纪100年) historical linguistics;
5、 现代语言学开端(索緖尔, 20世纪初) the beginning of modern linguistics; 1. 区分流派与分支 欧洲功能主义(20世纪20-50)European functionalism伦敦学派(194050)The London School; 系统功能语法(1960现在) Hallidays Systemic-functional grammar1. 区分流派与分支 美国结构主义语言学(193050) American structuralism 美国转换生成语法(1957现) Chomskys Generative Grammar 认知语言学 （today）
6、 Cognitive linguistics2. 宏观区分流派 A More Macro Distinction 2.1 形式派 注重分析语言的形式, 结构, 成分和成分的分布, 对语言进行形式描写和描写的形式化, 考虑语言的心理性.The formal school: emphasize the formal, structural aspects of L, and distribution of elements; formalize the description of L; a psychological perspective.2. 宏观区分流派 A More Macro Dist
7、inction2.2 功能派 注重分析语言的功能, 分析不同层次上的成分的语义功能, 认为功能决定形式, 考虑语言的社会性. The functional school: emphasize the functional nature of L; analyze the semantic function of elements on all levels; function determines form; a sociolinguistic perspective.2. 宏观区分流派 A More Macro Distinction2.3 两派的区别1.形式主义者认为语言是心理现象;功能主
8、义者说语言是社会现象. The formal camp say language is a psychological fact; the functional camp say language is a social fact.2. 宏观区分流派 A More Macro Distinction2. 形式主义者说语言普遍现象是人类生理遗传;功能主义者说是来自社会对语言的普遍运用. The formal camp say linguistic universals are mens biological inheritance; the functional camp say languag
9、e similarities come from the common use of language.2. 宏观区分流派 A More Macro Distinction3.形式主义者 说儿童习得语言是人类的内在能力;功能主义者说这是儿童交际的需要和能力的发展. The formal camp say that children are born with the ability to acquire language; the functional camp say that language learning comes from childrens needs and developm
10、ent.2. 宏观区分流派 A More Macro Distinction4.形式主义者把语言当成独立系统研究；功能主义者把语言放在社会功能中研究。The formalists regard language as an independent system; the formalists study language in the social context by referring to its social function.2.宏观区分流派2.4 韩礼德:20世纪下半叶的基本对立阵营不是结构主义与生成语法。最根本的两大阵营是：以组合关系为取向的形式派（形式语法， 源于逻辑和哲学），
11、和以聚合关系为取向的功能派（功能语法， 源于修辞和人种学）。形式派把语言看成一系列的结构， 这些结构之间可以找出固定的关系（所以才有转换一说）；他们强调语言的普遍性，把语法（他们称之为句法）看成是语言的基础（所以语法是任意的），因此语法围绕着句子而展开。2.宏观区分流派Halliday: The basic opposition is not that between structural and generative grammars . The more fundamental opposition is between those that are primarily symtagmat
12、ic in orientation (by and large the formal grammars, with their roots in logic and philosophy)2.宏观区分流派and those that are primarily paradigmatic (by and large the functional ones, with their roots in rhetoric and ethnography). The former interpret a language a list of structures, among which, regular
13、 relationships may be established 2.宏观区分流派(hence the introduction of transformation); they tend to emphasize universal features of language, to take grammar (which they call syntax) as the foundation of language (hence the grammar is arbitrary), and so to be organized around the sentence.2.宏观区分流派功能派
14、把语言看成是一个关系网，其基本关系借助于结构加以实现；他们强调语言之间的不同点，把语义看做语言的基础（所以语法是自然的），因此语法是围绕着文本或语篇而展开的。两个阵营之间有许多交叉，也有互相借鉴， 但从思潮上讲二者是很不同的，两大阵营开展对话也很困难。2.宏观区分流派The functionalists interpret language as a network of relations, with structures coming in as the realization of these relationships; they tend to emphasize variables
15、 among languages, to take semantics as the foundation (hence the grammar is natural), and so to be organized around the text, or discourse. 2.宏观区分流派There are many cross-currents, with insights borrowed from one to the other; but they are ideologically fairly difficult and it is often difficulty to m
16、aintain a dialogue.2.宏观区分流派韩礼德还说：功能语法属于应用研究，形式语法属于纯理论研究；功能语法更近于修辞， 形式语法更近于逻辑；功能语法研究实际语言能力，形式语法研究理想的语言能力；功能语法研究文本/语篇，形式语法研究句子。它把文本分析看做行为方式，语言理论是成事之手段。2.宏观区分流派Halliday: In general the functional approach leans towards the applied rather than the pure, the rhetorical rather than the logical, the actual rather the ideal, the functional rather than the formal, the text rather than the sentence. 2.宏观区分流派The emphasis is on text analysis as a mode of action, a theory of language as a means of getting th
