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1、International Environmental LawTeng,Yean-SenProfessor of LawSoochow University第一页，共一百零八页。第一页，共一百零九页。綠色科技(kj)與永續發展法律與政策l十五1 為何需要(xyo)保護環境l十六2 為何需要法律以保護環境l十七3 為何需要國際法的介入l十八4 如何執行環境法第二页，共一百零八页。第二页，共一百零九页。lThe effects of climate change are being felt already, Yvo de Boer, executive secretary of the U.N.
2、 Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), said.第三页，共一百零八页。第三页，共一百零九页。Failing to recognize the urgency of this message and acting on it would be nothing less than criminally irresponsible, he said.lDe Boer was speaking at the start of a meeting of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
3、 (IPCC). 第四页，共一百零八页。第四页，共一百零九页。lYan Hong, deputy secretary of the World Meteorological Organisation (WMO), one of the IPCCs two parent bodies, said climate change bore potential implications for world peace by intensifying squabbles over water, food and energy.第五页，共一百零八页。第五页，共一百零九页。lIt could also le
4、ad to massive population resettlement, especially to urban areas that may not have capacity to shelter, feed and employ them. 第六页，共一百零八页。第六页，共一百零九页。Climate change and life stylelglobal warming could decimate the world fisheries sector, threaten the tourism industry and cause widespread job losses am
5、ong those displaced by its impacts. 第七页，共一百零八页。第七页，共一百零九页。lscores of new jobs would be created in the environment technology sector as countries work to avoid and lessen the effects of climate change. lU.N. Environment Programme (UNEP) Executive Director Achim Steiner said 第八页，共一百零八页。第八页，共一百零九页。lThe
6、 problem is the jobs that will be created will not be created at the same time, or in the same place, as the ones that are lost, said Joaquin Nieto, president of Sustainlabour, an international foundation for sustainable development.lWe are talking about a major change, as substantial as what result
7、ed in the industrial revolution, he told the forum.第九页，共一百零八页。第九页，共一百零九页。RISING TEMPERATURES, MORE EXTREME WEATHERlas the climate changes, more dramatic weather and disasters - not just droughts, but storms, floods and spreading disease tool250 million people could be displaced by climate-related di
8、sasters by 2050 第十页，共一百零八页。第十页，共一百零九页。lAfrica, Latin America and parts of Asia - where the climate is already more extreme and arid regions are common - are likely to be most affected as rainfall declines and its timing becomes less predictable. 第十一页，共一百零八页。第十一页，共一百零九页。Saving rainforests a thorny is
9、sue at Bali talksldeforestation in the tropics is responsible for about 20 percent of all man-made carbon dioxide emissions blamed for global warming. Halting the destruction, or at least curbing the clearing and burning of remaining tropical forests, is widely regarded as a crucial part of any new
10、climate pact. 第十二页，共一百零八页。第十二页，共一百零九页。Reduced Emissions from Deforestation- REDDlUnder the scheme, developing nations could earn billions of dollars through carbon trading by simply leaving forests such as in the Amazon and Congo basinslthe Kyoto Protocol does not include schemes that reward develop
11、ing nations to preserve tropical rainforests 第十三页，共一百零八页。第十三页，共一百零九页。CASH FOR FORESTS lthe idea is to issue carbon credits to qualifying developing nations and rich nations buy these credits to offset their emissions at home. lIts a system that commoditises forests and rewards poor nations for keepi
12、ng forests that might otherwise be cleared for their hardwood or to create vast plantations for biofuels or timber to feed ever-growing global demand for pulp and paper. lRight now there are no standards for these credits第十四页，共一百零八页。第十四页，共一百零九页。氣候變遷將威脅地球(dqi)外表30%物種生態的存亡 專題報導 第十五页，共一百零八页。第十五页，共一百零九页
13、。l來自於加拿大以及世界各國超過120個國家的代表(dibio)團，將共同於本月在Brussels 完結此份國際性的報告並正式發表。 l這份報告是今年度聯合國政府網路，近2000位科學家共四次研究計畫的第二份報告。這些科學家們評估可提供的證據以互相達成對氣候變遷的共識，並提出相關的因應措施。第十六页，共一百零八页。第十六页，共一百零九页。l今年度的第一份報告則是在二月份時發表，第一份報告中指出，全球暖化是十清楚(qng chu)確而不模糊的，人類的活動像化石燃料的焚燒是主要導致氣候攀升的主因。 第十七页，共一百零八页。第十七页，共一百零九页。l氣候變遷正重組全球(qunqi)的地表，威脅著20
14、%30%地表物種的生存，以及數以百萬的人類將因洪水的氾濫而遷移家園。l隨著氣溫持續上升，加拿大可能面臨的重大問題如：森林火災、廣大的地域永久凍土層融化、以及致命的熱浪威脅等。 第十八页，共一百零八页。第十八页，共一百零九页。l數以百萬的人類，將因海平面上升所造成洪水氾濫而受傷害 l在西元2100以前(yqin)，亞洲地區及其附近小島國家將因海水暴漲，而致低窪地區及海岸沿海地區將被洪水淹沒 l假设冰河和積雪持續退縮和減退，世界上六分之一的人類也將面臨水資源短缺的嚴重問題。第十九页，共一百零八页。第十九页，共一百零九页。l生態系統以及生物棲息居住地，如：紅樹林、珊瑚礁、鮭魚水域以及北極熊等也同樣面
15、臨危機 l初步評估約20% 30%的生物物種很可能(knng)面臨生物滅絕的高度危機，假设全球的平均溫度增加超過1.5 2.5度C，以目前存在溫室效應的程度而言，這危機將可能(knng)於數十年內發生。假设溫度持續攀升，則更多的植物、蟲類、鳥類以及哺乳動物等將消失於地球外表 第二十页，共一百零八页。第二十页，共一百零九页。l科學家們表示，氣候的變化是清楚而瞭然於目的，像是許多大自然的系統，如全球的大陸和部份海洋系統，正在被區域性的氣候變化所影響，特別是氣溫溫度的上升。 l冰河的融化(rnghu)、不穩定的永久凍土層、早春的雨流量以及鳥類的遷徙就是最好的證明，然而這只是剛開始的徵兆而已 第二十一
16、页，共一百零八页。第二十一页，共一百零九页。l氣候變化的好處是船運可經過極地、冬天凍死的人數會減少，以及加拿大的農業及森林木業可以向北方拓展。l然而負面的影響則遠遠多過好處，將有超過數百萬的人因乾旱、穀物無法收成而饑餓、數億的人口將面臨飲用水短缺；在本世紀末，數千萬居住在亞洲宏大三角洲的人們以及在各個小島的人們，將因氣溫的上升及古冰河(bn h)的融化，而被漲高的海洋所淹沒。第二十二页，共一百零八页。第二十二页，共一百零九页。l科學家重申，海平面的高漲並不像汽車的引擎一樣可以被關掉。相較於其他氣候的變化因素，海平面漲高是一種積極的貫性，並且會必然地持續至2100後的更多世紀。科學家們聲明，氣候的安定可以降緩海平面升高的情況，但是(dnsh)確無法防止。 第二十三页，共一百零八页。第二十三页，共一百零九页。l這份總結報告也預測了在非洲、拉丁美洲和一些亞洲國家的營養不良和疾病的問題，而這些問題將因穀類收成缺乏、乾旱及洪水侵襲，在未來的數十年(sh nin)引發更嚴重的後果。l另一方面，熱浪的侵襲也將可能愈來愈密集的發生，並在北美和歐洲等地的城市造成致命的災難。有一種說法預測，在北美洲與煙霧
