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1、生而为赢!自信自强! 主要内容:l定语从句 关系代词和关系副词 限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句l名词性从句 主语从句 表语从语 同位语从句 宾语从句l状语从句 时间，地点，原因，结果，目的状语从句 条件，让步，方式，比较状从句定语从句定语从句修饰名词、代词或整个主句，起相当于形容词的作用，因此又叫做形容词性从句。被它修饰的词叫做先行词。先行词可以为一个词，短语，或整个主句。引导定语从句的词叫关系词，分为关系代词和关系副词名词解析关系词的作用：1)引导定语从句，连接主句和从句，相当于一个连词；2)必在从句中作某个句子成份（可以做主语，宾语，表语，定语，状语）；常用的关系代词:that、whic
2、h、who、whom、whose、as(在从句中作主语，宾语)；常用的关系副词（在从句中只作状语）:when、why、where；ThestudentwhoansweredthequestionwasJohn.Iknowthereasonwhyhewassoangry.Theboy(whom)youaretalkingtoismybrother.Idlikearoomwhosewindowlooksoutoverthesea.学好定语从句，必须弄清几个问题：l哪些是连接定语从句的关系代词和关系副词，以及它们的用法。引导定语从句的关系代词有：who，whom，whose，which，that和a
3、s；引导定语从句的关系副词有：When，where和whyl这些词既起连接主句和先行词的作用，同时又充当定语从句中的一个成分，可以作主语、宾语、定语、状语和表语。定语从句三步：1.找出先行词；2.看先行词在定语从句中的语法功能（做主语、宾语或状语）；3.选择合适的关系词。先行词和关系词的关系Aplaneisamachinethatcanfly.TheboywhobrokethewindowiscalledTom.Theboywhoseparentsaredeadwasbroughtupbyhisgrandfather.TheschoolwhereIstudyisfarfrommyhome.th
4、emachine=thattheboy=whotheboys=whoseintheschool=where关系代词实际上是先行词的复指关系词whose实际上是先行词的所有格关系副词实际上是介词先行词Jointhefollowingsentences:Aplaneisamachine.Themachinecanfly.Aplaneiscanfly.关系代词的实质amachinethat/whichThegirlisMary.Wesawheryesterday.ThegirlwesawyesterdayisMary.that/who指人指物主语宾语that whichwhowhom关系代词的用法关
5、系代词在从句中可以：何时可以省略？做宾语时可以省略难用的whoseTheteacherpraisedthestudent.HisEnglishisthebestinourclass.TheteacherpraisedthestudentwhoseEnglishisthebestinourclass.Jointhefollowingpairofsentences.whose=thestudents关系词whose实际上是先行词的所有格Thehouseismine.Thewindowofthehouseisbroken.Thehousewhosewindowisbrokenismine.whose
6、=thehousesThehouseismine.thewindowofwhichisbrokenofwhichthewindowisbroken关系代词的用法(1)Who指人，是主格，在定语从句中做主语。如：ThemanwholefthisbookherehasgonetoShanghai.(2)Whom指人，是宾格，在定语从句中做宾语，在口语及非正式文体中常被省略。如：Heisthecomradewhom/whoIsawthismorning.Thefellow(whom)Ispoketomadenoanswerfirst.Mysistermarriedthemanshewasengage
7、dto.注：在口语中可用who代替whom，但如果关系代词作定语从句中的介词宾语，而这个介词又放在它的前面时，就不能用who代替，试比较：Thecomradewhom/whoyouspoketoisamodelworker.Thecomradetowhomyouspokeisamodelworker.(3)Whose多指人，也可指物。指物时可与ofwhich互换使用，whose是所有格，在句中做定语。如：Bettyisthegirlwhosehandwritingisthebestinourclass.Hementionedabookwhoseauthor(=theauthorofwhich)
8、Icantremembernow.(4)Which指物，在定语从句中作主语或宾语。作宾语时有时被省略。如：Thisisthekeywhichyouarelookingfor.Thisisthebook(which)Iboughtyesterday.(5)that指物或人，在定语从句中可做主语或宾语，还可以作表语。作宾语或表语时可以被省略。如：Thehousethatwasstandingtherehasbeenpulleddown.Heisaman(that)youcansafelydependon.Heisnottheman(that)heusedtobe.关系代词的用法练习1.Theegg
9、swerenotfresh.Iboughtthemyesterday.2.Thefriendwasnothungry.Hecametosupperlastnight.3.Heprefersthecheese.Itcomesfromhisparentsfarm.4.Thenoodlesweredelicious.Youcookedthem.5.Idontlikethepeople.Theysmokealot.Theeggs(that/which)Iboughtthemwerenotfresh.Thefriendwho/thathecametosupperlastnightwasnothungry
10、.Heprefersthecheesethat/whichitcomesfromhisparentsfarm.Thenoodles(which/that)youcookedthemweredelicious.Idontlikethepeoplethat/whotheysmokealot.注:1.that在定语从句中作介词宾语时，介词不能前置。试比较：（下面四句话的结构不同，但意思相同）Thehouseinwhichweliveisnotlarge.Thehousewhichweliveinisnotlarge.Thehousethatweliveinisnotlarge.Thehousewel
11、iveinisnotlarge.2.that指物时，一般都可以和which互换使用，但在有些情况下只能用that，而在有些情况下只能用which.1)只能用that的情况a）先行词为all，everything，nothing，something，anything，theone等不定代词时。如：Iamsureshehassomething(that)youcanborrow.Thereislittle(that)theenemycandobesidessurrender.Hesawmuchthatwasbad.b）先行词被very,just,every，no，little，few，none,s
12、ome，any，much,oneof,only修饰时。如：Ivereadallthebooks(that)yougaveme.c)先行词是序数词时或被序数词修饰时；先行词是最高级或被形容词的最高级修饰时。如：Thisisthefirstcomposition(that)hehaswritteninEnglish.Thisisthebestnovel(that)Ihaveeverread.(d)先行词被theonly，thevery，thesame，thelast修饰时。如：Thatwhitefloweristheonlyone(that)Ireallylike.Thisistheveryboo
13、k(that)Iwanttofind.Thelastplace(that)wevisitedwasthechemicalworks.(e)先行词既有人又有物时。如：Hetalkedabouttheteachersandschoolsthathehadvisited.(f)当主句是who或which开头的特殊疑问句时。如：Whoisthepersonthatisstandingatthegate?Whichofusthatknowsaboutphysicsdoesnotknowthis?g.先行词为数词时。Heboughttwocatsyesterday.NowIcanseethetwothat
14、areplayinginthegarden.h.主句是therebe结构，修饰其主语的定语从句用that.ThereisabookinthedeskthatbelongstoFrank.i.当先行词在主句中作表语，而关系代词也在从句中作表语。Shanghaiisnolongerthecitythatitusedtobe.2)只能用which的情况(a)非限制性定语从句（只指与that比较），如：Herdaughterhadwonthefirstprizeinthecompetition，whichmadeherfeelveryproud.代替前面的话，翻译为“这一点，这件事”。只能用which
15、，相当于andthis(b)做介词宾语时。如：Thisisthehouseinwhichwelived.Shesatonthecornerofthetablenearthedoorbywhichherhusbandalwaysentered.(c)非限制性定语从句中，做主语和宾语只用whichHeboughtthebookyesterday,whichheenjoyedverymuch.(d)先行词为that，those时，只用whichWhatsthatwhichwasputinthebox?(e)有两个定语从句时，前面用that，后面用which，避免重复Letmeshowyoutheno
16、velthatIborrowedfromthelibrarywhichwasnewlyopentous.who和that指代人时，有些情况宜用who,而不宜用that先行词为anyone,anybody,those,all,one,ones,they,he,people时.如：1.ThepersonIwanttolearnfromistheonewhostudieshardandworkswell.2.Anyonewho(=Whoever)failedtocometothemeetingyesterdaymustgivehisreason.3.Thosewhoarenotfitfortheirworkshouldleaveofficeatonce4.Idontliketheones(=those)whotalkbig.5.Personswhoarequarrelingsomearedespised.在Therebe结构中，修饰主语的定语从句宜用关系代词who指代人.如：1.Thereisagentlemanwhowantstoseeyou.2.Thereareseveralstuden
