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1、 高中英语语法归纳讲解(三) 定语从句 定语从句(Attributive Clauses)在句中做定语,修饰一个名词或代词,有时也可以修饰局部或整个句子。 被修饰的名词,词组或代词即先行词。定语从句通常消失在先行词之后,由关系词(关系代词或关系副词)引出。 关系代词有:who, whom, whose, that, which, as。 关系副词有:when, where, why, how。 关系代词和关系副词放在先行词和定语从句之间,起连接作用,同时又可做定语从句的一个成分。当关系代词做宾语时可以省略。 定语从句中的谓语动词必需在人称上和数量上和先行词保持全都。 定语从句分为限制性定语从句
2、和非限制性定语从句。 1 、关系代词引导的定语从句 1) who, whom, that 这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词,在从句中所起作用如下: Is he the man who/that wants to see you?(who/that在从句中作主语) He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday.(whom/that在从句中作宾语) 2) whose 用来指人或物,(只用作定语,若指物,它还可以同of which互换),例如: Please pass me the book whose (of which) cover is green. 3)
3、 which, that 它们所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词,在从句中可作主语、宾语等,例如: A prosperity which / that had never been seen before appears in the countryside.(which / that在句中作宾语) The package (which / that) you are carrying is about to come unwrapped. (which / that在句中作宾语) 关系代词that和which 都可以指物,that 和Who 都可以指人,其用法区分: 不用that的状况: a)
4、 在引导非限定性定语从句时 (错)The tree, that is four hundred years old, is very famous here. b) 介词后不能用 We depend on the land from which we get our food. c) 多用who 的状况 关系代词在从句中做主语 先行词为those, people 时 Those who were either fools or unfit for their offices could not see the cloth. 先行词为all, anyone, ones, one 指人时 One
5、who doesn”t work hard will never succeed in his work. 在There be句型中 There is a stranger who wants to see you. 在被分隔的定语从句中 A new teacher will come tomorrow who will teach you German. 在有两个定语从句的句子中,其一用who,其二用that,但若先行词后接两个以上的并列定语从句时,后一个必需重复前一个关系代词。 The student who was praised at the meeting is the monito
6、r that is very modest and studies very hard. There is a teacher who is always ready to help others and who enjoys what he does. 2) 只能用that作为定语从句的关系代词的状况 a)在不定代词,如:anything, nothing, everything, all, much, few, any, little等作先行词时,只用that,不用which。 All that is needed is a supply of oil. Finally, the thie
7、f handed everything that he had stolen to the police. b)先行词有the only, the very, the just修饰时,只用that。 He is the very man that helped the girl out of the water. c)先行词为序数词(the last)、数词、形容词级时,只用that。 The first English book that I read was “The Prince and the Pauper” by Mark Twin. d)先行词既有人,又有物时。 He talked
8、 about the teachers and schools that he visited. e)当主句是以who 或which 开头的特别疑问句时,用that 以避开重复。 Who is the person that is standing at the gate. f)关系代词在从句中做表语 He is not the man that he used to be. 2 、关系副词引导的定语从句 关系副词可代替的先行词是时间、地点、方式或理由的名词,在从句中作状语。 关系副词when, where, why, how的含义相当于“介词+ which”构造,因此经常和“介词+ whic
9、h”构造交替使用,例如: There are occasions when (on which) one must yield. Beijing is the place where (in which) I was born. Is this the reason why (for which) he refused our offer? I”m surprised the way how (by which) he works out the problem. 留意: 在非限制性定语从句中,“介词+ which”构造不能代替关系副词。 如:They set up a state for t
10、heir own , where they would be free to keep Negroes as slaves. 含有介词短语的动词一般不能拆开,介词仍放在动词后面。 Is this the book which (that) she was looking for? 3、名词/数词/代词 /形容词级 + 介词 + 关系代词引导定语从句 She has written a book , the name of which I have forgotten. There are fifty-five students in our class , all of whom are wo
11、rking hard. There are five continents in the world , the largest of which is Asia. 4、as, which 引导非限定性定语从句的差异 由as, which 引导的非限定性定语从句,as和which可代整个主句,相当于and this或and that。As一般放在句首,which在句中。 As we know, smoking is harmful to one”s health. The sun heats the earth, which is very important to us. as可引导非限制性
12、从句,常带有“正如”的意思。 As is know, smoking is harmful to one”s health. 用法区分: (1) as 引导的定语从句可置于句首,而which不行。 As we all know, he never smokes. (2) as 代表前面的整个主句并在从句中作主语时,从句中的谓语必需是系动词;若为行为动词,则从句中的关系代词只能用which。 (3)非限定性定语从句中消失expect, think, suppose 等表示猜想、想象、预料等时。 She succeeded in her doing the research work , as w
13、e expected. (4)As 的用法 the same as; suchas 中的as 是一种固定构造, 和一样 I should like to use the same tool as is used here. We should have such a dictionary as he is using. 被动语态 一、语态概述 英语的语态是通过动词形式的变化表现出来的。英语中有两种语态:主动语态和被动语态。 主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者。巧记为:主动、主动、主去动。 被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者,即行为动作的对象。巧记为:被动、被动、主被动。例如: English is s
14、poken by many people.主语English是动词speak的承受者。 主动态和被动态指的是动词形式,是词法概念;而主动句和被动句则指的是句子构造,从而是句法概念。所谓主动句就是由主动态动词(词组)作谓语动词的句子,而被动句则是由被动态动词(词组)作谓语动词的句子。例如: He opened the door.他开了门。(主动句) The door was opened.门被开了。(被动句) 二、被动语态的构成 被动语态由“助动词be及物动词的过去分词”构成。人称、数和时态的变化是通过be的变化表现出来的。现以teach为例说明被动语态在各种时态中的构成。 一般现在时:amisaretaught 一般过去时:wasweretaught 一般将来时:will