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1、英语长篇阅读文章对于语言学习者而言,阅读是语言输入得重要方法。阅读策略是语言学习者为了提高阅读理解而采取得技巧和方式。下面是学识网我带来得英语长篇阅读文章，欢迎阅读!英语长篇阅读文章1科技与自然TechnologythatimitatesnatureBiomimetics:EngineersareincreasinglytakingaleafoutofnaturesbookwhenlookingforsolutionstodesignproblemsAFTERtakinghisdogforawalkonedayintheearly1940s,GeorgedeMestral,aSwissinve
2、ntor,becamecuriousabouttheseedsoftheburdockplantthathadattachedthemselvestohisclothesandtothedogsfur.Underamicroscope,helookedcloselyatthehook-and-loopsystemthattheseedshaveevolvedtohitchhikeonpassinganimalsandaidpollination,andherealisedthatthesameapproachcouldbeusedtojoinotherthingstogether.Theres
3、ultwasVelcraproductthatwasarguablymorethanthreebillionyearsinthemaking,sincethatishowlongthenaturalmechanismthatinspiredittooktoevolve.Velcroisprobablythemostfamousandcertainlythemostsuccessfulexampleofbiologicalmimicry,orbiomimetics.Infieldsfromroboticstomaterialsscience,technologistsareincreasingl
4、yborrowingideasfromnature,andwithgoodreason:naturesdesignshave,bydefinition,stoodthetestoftime,soitwouldbefoolishtoignorethem.Yettransplantingnaturaldesignsintoman-madetechnologiesisstillahit-or-missaffair.Engineersdependonbiologiststodiscoverinterestingmechanismsforthemtoexploit,saysJulianVincent,t
5、hedirectoroftheCentreforBiomimeticandNaturalTechnologiesattheUniversityofBathinEngland.Soheandhiscolleagueshavebeenworkingonaschemetoenableengineerstobypassthebiologistsandtapintonaturesingenuitydirectly,viaadatabaseofbiologicalpatents.Theideaisthatthisdatabasewillletanyonesearchthroughawiderangeofb
6、iologicalmechanismsandpropertiestofindnaturalsolutionstotechnologicalproblems.HownottoreinventthewheelSurelyhumanintellect,andthedeliberateapplicationofdesignknowledge,candevisebettermechanismsthanthemindless,randomprocessofevolution?Farfromit.Overbillionsofyearsoftrialanderror,naturehasdevisedeffec
7、tivesolutionstoallsortsofcomplicatedreal-worldproblems.Taketheslipperytaskofcontrollingasubmersiblevehicle,forexample.Usingpropellers,itisincrediblydifficulttomakerefinedmovements.ButNektonResearch,acompanybasedinDurham,NorthCarolina,hasdevelopedarobotfishcalledMadeleinethatmanoeuvresusingfinsinstea
8、d.Insomecases,engineerscanspenddecadesinventingandperfectinganewtechnology,onlytodiscoverthatnaturebeatthemtoit.TheVenusflowerbasket,forexample,akindofdeep-seasponge,hasspinyskeletaloutgrowthsthatareremarkablysimilar,bothinappearanceandopticalproperties,tocommercialopticalfibres,notesJoannaAizenberg
9、,aresearcheratLucentTechnologysBellLaboratoriesinNewJersey.Andsometimesthesystemsfoundinnaturecanmakeeventhemostadvancedtechnologieslookprimitivebycomparison,shesays.Theskeletonsofbrittlestars,whichareseacreaturesrelatedtostarfishandseaurchins,containthousandsoftinylensesthatcollectivelyformasingle,
10、distributedeye.Thisenablesbrittlestarstoescapepredatorsanddistinguishbetweennightandday.Besideshavingunusualopticalpropertiesandbeingverysmalleachisjustone-twentiethofamillimetreindiameterthelenseshaveanothertrickofparticularrelevancetomicro-opticalsystems.Althoughthelensesarefixedinshape,theyarecon
11、nectedviaanetworkoffluid-filledchannels,containingalight-absorbingpigment.Thecreaturecanvarythecontrastofthelensesbycontrollingthisfluid.Thesameideacanbeappliedinman-madelenses,saysDrAizenberg.Thesearemadefromsiliconandsocannotchangetheirproperties,shesays.Butbycopyingthebrittlestarsfluidicsystem,sh
12、ehasbeenabletomakebiomimeticlensarrayswiththesameflexibility.Anotherdemonstrationofthepowerofbiomimeticscomesfromthegecko.Thislizardsabilitytowalkupwallsandalongceilingsisofmuchinterest,andnotonlytofansofSpider-Man.Twogroupsofresearchers,oneledbyAndreGeimatManchesterUniversityandtheotherbyRonFearing
13、attheUniversityofCalifornia,Berkeley,haveindependentlydevelopedwaystocopythegeckosabilitytoclingtowalls.Thesecretofthegeckossuccessliesinthetinyhair-likestructures,calledsetae,thatcoveritsfeet.Insteadofsecretingastickysubstance,asyoumightexpect,theyowetheiradhesivepropertiestoincrediblyweakintermole
14、cularattractiveforces.ThesevanderWaalsforces,astheyareknown,whichexistbetweenanytwoadjacentobjects,arisebetweenthesetaeandthewalltowhichthegeckoisclinging.Normallysuchforcesarenegligible,butthesetae,withtheirspatula-liketips,maximisethesurfaceareaincontactwiththewall.Theweakforces,multipliedacrossth
15、ousandsofsetae,arethensufficienttoholdthelizardsweight.BoththeBritishandAmericanteamshaveshownthattheintricatedesignofthesemicroscopicsetaecanbereproducedusingsyntheticmaterials.DrGeimcallstheresultgeckotape.Thetechnologyisstillsomeyearsawayfromcommercialisation,saysThomasKennyofStanfordUniversity,w
16、hoisamemberofDrFearingsgroup.Butwhenitdoesreachthemarket,ratherthanbeingusedtomakewall-crawlinggloves,itwillprobablybeusedasanalternativetoVelcro,orinstickingplasters.Indeed,saysDrKenny,itcouldbeparticularlyusefulinmedicalapplicationswherechemicaladhesivescannotbeused.Whileitisfarfromobviousthatgeckosfeetcouldinspireanewkindofstickingplaster,therearesomefieldssuchasroboticsinwhichborrowingdesignsfromnatureisself-evidentlythesens
