oA: 你说你是小狗我就给你这块糖oB: 你是小狗oA: 我让你说你是小狗 !oB: 我说的就是你是小狗啊oA: 你说“我是小狗”!oB: 啊 ? 你是小狗 ?2021/8/21 DeixisPragmatics chapter 12021/8/22Origin of deixisCategories of deixisFunctions of deixis2021/8/23o Deixis indicating, pointingo Deicticso Deictic wordso Deictic expressionso Yehoshua Bar- Hillel 1954 2021/8/24 Origin of the term: Deixis is the first area of study in linguistic pragmatics that has caught the attention of scholars. In 1954, the Israeli philosopher Yehoshua Bar-Hillel wrote an article “Indexical Expressions” （直指表达式）. Since then the study of indexicals, or deictics, has always been one of the central topics in pragmatics.2021/8/25Deixiso Deixis:o the earliest target or first study area of pragmatics, since it directly concerns the relationship between language structure and the context in which it is used. 2021/8/26o Deixis belongs within the domain of pragmatics, because it directly concers the relationship between the structure of languages and the contexts in which they are used.o -话语和语境之间的关系是通过指示语而得以在语言结构上反映出来。
2021/8/27o(1) Ill be back in an hour. - Levinsono(2) Listen, Im not disagreeing with you but with you, and not about this but about this.o(3) Meet me here a week from now with a stick about this big.o(4) Arriving at 11:30am tomorrow.2021/8/28Deictic center and deictic projection o In general, deixis is used in an egocentric way, hence the egocentricity of deixis. That is, unless otherwise stated,o (i) the central person is the speaker, o (ii) the central time is the time at which the speaker produces the utterance, o (iii) the central place is the speakers location at utterance time, 2021/8/29Deictic center and deictic projectiono (iv) the discourse center is the point which the speaker is currently at in the production of his utterance, and o (v) the social center is the speakers social status and rank, to which the status or rank of addressees or referents is relative o S. Levinson 1983: 64 2021/8/210Deictic center and deictic projectiono So the first person pronoun I (my, me), refers to the speaker, no matter who hears or reads it. o Violating this rule would result in comic effect, as in:2021/8/211Exampleo 1) A Hebrew teacher discovering that he had left his comfortable slippers back in the house, sent a student after them with a note for his wife. o The note read:o “Send me your slippers with this boy”.2021/8/212 When the student asked why he had written “your” slippers, the man answered: “Fool! If I wrote my slippers, she would read my slippers and would send her slippers. What could I do with her slippers? So I wrote your slippers, shell read your slippers and send me mine.”2021/8/213o Although person deixis is reflected directly in the grammatical categories of person, it may be argued that we need to develop an independent pragmatic framework of possible participant-roles, so that we can see how, and to what extent, these roles are grammaticalized in different languages. 2021/8/214o Such a framework would note that the speaker or spokesman can be distinct from the target, and hearers or bystanders distinct from addressees or targets, o and that sometimes such distinctions are grammaticalized in non-obvious ways. o The joke above depends, of course, on the distinction between source and speaker.2021/8/215Deictic projectiono However, in actual speech, the egocentricity may be violated. (as in a long-distance call)-Good morning! -Good evening! -We are coming to London2021/8/216oWe are going to New York next week .oWe are coming to New York next week. o (the center of discoure may be shifted to the addressee. )o This phenomenon, the speaker projecting himself into a deictic context centered on the addressee is known as deictic projection.2021/8/217Deictic projectiono Likewise, we often say: o come in, come here, / go away, go there. o But “I am coming”. o (when someone is calling you a little distance away) o This deictic projection is called by some pragmatists as polite shift of deictic center, manipulate location, Yule . o （礼貌的观点转移：不以自己为参照点，而把参照点转移到听话人的位置，以示礼貌。
2021/8/218Example (deictic projection)o 辛楣在里说“哙，老方呀， 今天你作主人，没有付帐就跑，我们做客人的身上没带钱，扣在咖啡馆里等你来救命呢！S.O.S.快来！”鸿渐忍不住笑道：“我就来了”o （钱钟书：围城） 2021/8/219 Functions of deixis projection:o 1. to convey some intended meaning in an implicit way. 2021/8/220oA: (害羞的) 这衣服是他妈妈oB: (故意打趣) 谁妈妈 ?oA: 他嘛 你知道 , 就是他嘛oB: 到底是谁啊 ?oA: 讨厌 ! 除了他还有谁嘛 !2021/8/221o 2. To shorten or lengthen the distance between the speaker and the hearer.2021/8/222o 儿子 , 有啥话不能给我说 ?o 儿子 , 有啥话不能给你爹说 ?2021/8/223o“我是第一次来咱们学校做演讲 o“有啥话不能给一个心理医生说说 ?”2021/8/224o 3To seek for forgiving: o 韩红: 所以我希望上海方面能给予韩红原谅 ,o 我不是有意伤害大家的 要解释就解释到这里了, 希望大家多原谅老韩吧。
郑颖2004: 2021/8/225o 4. To threaten somebody o 我要你知道国伟秋不是好惹的2021/8/226o 5. To advertise oneselfo 主持人: 下面请黎明介绍一下在 中饰演的角色o 黎明: 黎明在 中 饰演一个警察 (郑颖2004: 69)2021/8/227different uses of deictic expressionso gestural uses （身势用法）o symbolic uses （象征用法）2021/8/228Gestural and symbolic useso gestural uses:o The use of deictic expression together with paralingu。