20XX自考学习汇编collection of questions and answers自考资料·学习成长第十三章 状语 Adverbials 13.0 Introduction 1. 形式：状语可以是副词形容词名词，介词词组，副词词组，形容词&名词词组，分句等2. 位置：可在句首，句中和句末3. 语法结构：1）结合性状语（integrated)2）分离性状语(peripheral) 判断方法：把整句带入:“It’s true that…“ 里可以明显看出 E.g.: John drove slowly. -- it’s true that John drove slowly. (integrated，adjuncts )Fortunately, he came back just in time. --Fortunately, It’s true that he came back just in time. (Peripheral, disjuncts )However, it was a good meeting.-- However, it’s true that it was a good meeting. (Peripheral, conjuncts) * Adjuncts: 修饰性状语，主要修饰动词* Disjuncts: 评注性状语， 对分句内容的评价。
Conjuncts: 连接性状语， 逻辑粘合剂，把新句子加入文章中 Integrated adverbial（结合性状语） Adjuncts修饰性状语Adverbials 状语 Disjuncts: 评注性状语 Peripheral adverbial (分离性状语) Conjuncts: 连接性状语13.1 Adjuncts 修饰性状语分时间状语(Time Adjuncts)，地点状语(Place Adjuncts)，过程状语(Process Adjuncts)，因果状语(Contingency Adjuncts)13.1.1时间状语 Time Adjunctsa. Types of Time Adjuncts When-Adjuncts(何时状语) Duration-Adjuncts(持续状语) Frequency-Adjuncts(频度状语) We are going to the theatre tomorrow. (When adjuncts) They have lived here for 20 years.( Duration-Adjuncts) She sees the doctor twice a month.( Frequency-Adjuncts)n When-Adjuncts(何时状语)1. 可被When-question提问。
when are you going to the theater?）2. 特指的时间点或者时间段they arrived at 10 o’clock. / The war started on May 4,1952）3. 非特指的时间点或者时间段，在交谈中默认的时间they’ll be back soon. / See you later.)4. 常以分句形式出现被以下连词连接： after, as, before, once, since, till, until, when, whenever, while, now, as long as, as soon as…I will call you as soon as I hear the news.5. 或者被名词从句作为连词链接The moment, the minute, the instant, the first time, the next time…He went to bed the moment he finished his homework. -- No sooner…than, Hardly 表示一件事接着另一件，第一个从句要用过去完成时，如果放在句首则要倒装.He had no sooner asked the question than the answer came to him.No sooner had he asked the question than the answer came to him. n Duration-Adjuncts(持续状语)1. 可被“how long”提问。
How long have they been lived here?2. 有多种形式，最常见的形式是： for + 名词词组：for ten years, for a short while…n Frequency-Adjuncts(频度状语)1. 可被“How often, How many times”提问2. 可由副词组成daily, weekly. Monthly, often, frequently, always, never…）I pay my bills monthly. My father never goes to the cinema.3. 或者名词词组，介词词组或者分局组成My uncle brought me gifts whenever he came. She visits her parents as often as she can.b. Position of Time Adjuncts1. 最好放在句首或者句中2. 2个when-adjuncts在一起时，顺序是 specific + general He was born on the morning of May 4, 1997.3. Duration Adjuncts + Frequency Adjuncts + When Adjuncts She would stay with her parents for a couple of days once a month after she got married.13.1.2地点状语 Place Adjunctsa. Types of Place AdjunctsWhere Adjuncts (何地状语) Direction Adjuncts(方向状语) Distance Adjuncts(距离状语), Source Adjuncts(来源状语), Goal Adjuncts(目标状语) Outside the village Where Adjuncts (何地状语) Down the hill Direction Adjuncts(方向状语)The ran a long away Distance Adjuncts(距离状语) From the school Source Adjuncts(来源状语) To the school bus. Goal Adjuncts(目标状语)n 最常见的是介词词组形式，其他形式有副词，名词词组，从句等。
The children are playing outside.(adverb)The school is located 10 miles from downtown.(clause)She found her umbrella where she left it. (infinite clause) b. Position of Place Adjuncts1. 一般句末2. 如果在句首，则1) 设定场景；2) 着重强调反义；3)避免句末过于繁琐In Los Angeles, a hot dry wind will remind people of forest fires.In the ring, two men were killing each other, and in the hall, men and women were screaming. In the garden the children were playing with their newly-arrived uncle.3. 2个place adjunct同时出现时，按高低顺序排列注意， 不可以把低级的地点状语移到别处只留下高级时间状语，但是移动高级地点状语时不受这个规则的约束。
She sat on a table in a restaurant.In a restaurant she sat on a table. *On the table she sat in a restaurant. ×××4. Distance + Direction + Source + Goal + Position They ran a long way down the hill from the school to the restaurant.13.1.3过程状语 Process Adjunctsa. Types of Process AdjunctsManner Adjuncts (方式状语) Instruments Adjuncts(工具状语) Agentive Adjuncts(执行者状语)n Manner Adjuncts 方式状语1. Definition： 描述事情如何完成的状语They plan the project carefully. 2. 可被 How, In what way/manner 来提问How do they plan the project?3. 一般用副词来当方式状语，其他方式显得比较繁琐。
n Instruments Adjuncts工具状语1. 方式状语指某事如何完成的，主观描述，而工具状语则指在外部帮助下某事如何完成，很客观Why not cut the bread with a knife?I used to go to work by bike.You can start the machine by pressing the button. 2. 最常见的形式是 with + 方式Agentive Adjuncts(执行者状语)1. 指执行动作的人，by + performer, 特别会出现在被动语态中，执行者一般是人，或者把物体拟人化 The flying object was seen by many people.The work can be easily done by a machine.当过程状语，时间状语，地点状语同时出现时，按以下规律排列：Process。