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1、【英文文学】PhilobiblionPreface The Author of the Book.Richard de Bury (1281-1345), so called from being born near Bury St. Edmunds, was the son of Sir Richard Aungerville. He studied at Oxford; and was subsequently chosen to be tutor to Prince Edward of Windsor, afterwards Edward III. His loyalty to the
2、cause of Queen Isabella and the Prince involved him in danger. On the accession of his pupil he was made successively Cofferer, Treasurer of the Wardrobe, Archdeacon of Northampton, Prebendary of Lincoln, Sarum, and Lichfield, Keeper of the Privy Purse, Ambassador on two occasions to Pope John XXII,
3、 who appointed him a chaplain of the papal chapel, Dean of Wells, and ultimately, at the end of the year 1333, Bishop of Durham; the King and Queen, the King of Scots, and all the magnates north of the Trent, together with a multitude of nobles and many others, were present at his enthronization. It
4、 is noteworthy that during his stay at Avignon, probably in 1330, he made the acquaintance of Petrarch, who has left us a brief account of their intercourse. In 1332 Richard visited Cambridge, as one of the Kings commissioners, to inquire into the state of the Kings Scholars there, and perhaps then
5、became a member of the Gild of St. Mary one of the two gilds which founded Corpus Christi College.In 1334 he became High Chancellor of England, and Treasurer in 1336, resigning the former office in 1335, so that he might help the King in dealing with affairs abroad and in Scotland, and took a most d
6、istinguished part in diplomatic negociations between England and France. In 1339 he was again in his bishopric. Thereafter his name occurs often among those appointed to treat of peace with Philip of France, and with Bruce of Scotland. It appears that he was not in Parliament in 1344. Wasted by long
7、 sickness longa infirmitate decoctus on the 14th of April, 1345, Richard de Bury died at Auckland, and was buried in Durham Cathedral.Dominus Ricardus de Bury migravit ad Dominum.The Bishop as Booklover.According to the concluding note, the Philobiblon was completed on the bishops fifty-eighth birth
8、day, the 24th of January, 1345, so that even though weakened by illness, Richard must have been actively engaged in his literary efforts to the very end of his generous and noble life. His enthusiastic devoted biographer Chambre1 gives a vivid account of the bishops bookloving propensities, suppleme
9、ntary to what can be gathered from the Philobiblon itself. Iste summe delectabatur in multitudine librorum; he had more books, as was commonly reported, than all the other English bishops put together. He had a separate library in each of his residences, and wherever he was residing, so many books l
10、ay about his bed-chamber, that it was hardly possible to stand or move without treading upon them. All the time he could spare from business was devoted either to religious offices or to his books. Every day while at table he would have a book read to him, unless some special guest were present, and
11、 afterwards would engage in discussion on the subject of the reading. The haughty Anthony Bec delighted in the appendages of royalty to be addressed by nobles kneeling, and to be waited on in his presence-chamber and at his table by Knights bare-headed and standing; but De Bury loved to surround him
12、self with learned scholars. Among these were such men as Thomas Bradwardine, afterwards Archbishop of Canterbury, and author of the De Causa Dei; Richard Fitzralph, afterwards Archbishop of Armagh, and famous for his hostility to the mendicant orders; Walter Burley, who dedicated to him a translatio
13、n of the Politics of Aristototle made at his suggestion; John Mauduit, the astronomer; Robert Holkot, author of many books; Richard de Kilvington; Richard Benworth, afterwards Bishop of London; and Walter Seagrave, who became Dean of Chichester.”21 Cp. Surtees Societys edition of Scriptores Tres; al
14、so Whartons Anglia Sacra.2 An unsuccessful attempt has been made to transfer the authorship of the book to Robert Holkot. Various theories have been advanced against Richards claims. It is noteworthy that his contemporary Adam Murimuth disparages him as “mediocriter literatus, volens tamen magnus cl
15、ericus reputari,” but such disparagement must be taken with the utmost caution. The really difficult fact to be accounted for is the omission on the part of Chambre to mention the book.The Bishops Books.In the Philobiblon, Richard de Bury frankly and clearly describes his means and method of collect
16、ing books. Anyhow his object was clearly not selfish. The treatise contains his rules for the library of the new College at Oxford Durham College (where Trinity College now stands) which he practically founded, though his successor, Bishop Hatfield, carried the scheme into effect. It is traditionally reported that Richards books were sent, in his lifetime or after his death, to the house of the Durham Benedictines at Oxford, and there re
