1 十大词类英语中的词可以根据词义、语法功能和形式特征分为十大类,即名词(noun)、代词(pronoun)、形容词 (adjective)、副词(adverb)、动词(verb)、数词(numeral)、冠词(article)、介词(preposition)、连词 (conjunctions)和感叹词 (interjection)一、名词 (n.) 1.专有名词:表示个人、地方、机构、组织等如:Tom, the Great Wall,the Spring Festival,France ,the United States) 2.普通名词:(1)可数名词:个体名词:表示一类人或物的个体如:boy,desk,cat,window 集体名词:由若干个体组成的集合体如:family,class,police (2)不可数名词:物质名词:表示无法分为个体的实物如:water,paper ,silk,money 抽象名词:表示性质、行为、状态、感情或其它抽象概念如:work,happiness ,music,difficulty ,housework (二)名词的数1.可数名词有单数和复数两种形式,其复数形式的构成主要有以下几种:(1)规则变化:绝大多数名称在词尾加s。
例如:bookbooks,dogdogs ,penpens ,boyboys 以 s,x,ch,sh结尾的词名词变复数时,要在词尾加es例如:beach beaches , brushbrushes , busbuses , boxboxes, watch watches 以“ 辅音字母 y” 结尾的名词,先变y 为 i,再加 es例如:citycities,familyfamilies,countrycountries 以 f 或 fe 结尾的名词变复数时,先把f 或 fe 变为 v,再加 es 例如:wifewives,leaf leaves ,halfhalves,knifeknives,thief-thieves (2)不规则变化:改变单数名词中的元音字母例如:man men , woman women, foot feet 单、复数同形例如:2 a sheep two sheep, a deer two deer 其他形式例如:child many children, a mouse five mice 2.不可数名词一般没有复数形式,它的“ 量” 的表示方式如下1)表不定数量时,一般用much,(a) little,a lot oflots of,some ,any等词修例如: much money,a little bread (2)表确定数量时,一般用 “ 数词+量词+of+不可数名词。
如: twothree+ 量词复数十 of+不可数名词例如:a bag Of rice,two glasses Of milk,four bottles Of water 二、代词 (pron.) (1)人称代词(2)物主代词 :my, mine , you, yours (3)反身代词: myself, ourselves (4)相互代词each other ,one another (5)指示代词this,that,these,those 不定代词 (不指明特定的人或事物的代词)each,every,both,all,either,neither,none,no,one,(a)few,(a)little,some,any,many,much,other,another (6) 复合不定代词 everybody, somebody , anybody, nobody, everyone, someone ,anyone,no one,every-thing,something,anything,nothing (7)疑问代词what,who,whom,which,whose (8)关系代词who,whom,whose,that,which 用引导定语从句。
单数复数主格宾格主格宾格第一人称I me we us 第二人称you you you you 第三人称he him they them she her it it 3 形容词性物主代词名词性物主代词单数第一人称my mine 第二人称your yours 第三人称his his her hers its 复数第一人称our ours 第二人称your yours 第一人称their theirs 单数复数第一人称myself ourselves 第二人称yourself yourselves 第三人称himself,herself,itself themselves 三、形容词 (adj.) 四、副词 (adv.) 比较级、最高级的构成(1)单音节和少数双音节词一般在词尾加er或 est great-greater greatest ,youngyoungeryoungest,slow slower slowest以 e结尾的只加 r 或 st nicenicer-nicest,largelargerlargest. 以辅音字母加y 结尾的,先变 y 为 i,再加 er 或 est heavyheavierheaviest , easyeasier easiest ,busybusierbusiest, funnyfunnier+funniest,early earlierearliest以重读闭音节结尾的词,先双写最末的一个辅音字母,再加er 或 est bigbiggerbiggest, thinthinnerthinnest,fat)fatterfattest,fit)fitterfittest4 (2)多音节和部分双音节词,前加more为比较级,加 (the)most 为最高级carefulmore carefulmost careful usefulmore usefulmost useful popular more popularmost popularcarelesslymore carelessly most carelessly (3)不规则变化的词goodwell better bestbadill badly worseworstmanymuch moremostlittleless leastold older elder oldest(指年龄大小 )eldest(指长幼顺序 ) far farther furtherfarthest(指距离 )furthest(指程度五、冠词 (art.) 冠词分为不定冠词aan和定冠词 the,放在名词前、 aan用在单数可数名词前(a用于辅音音素开头的词前,an用于元音音素开头的词前)。
六、数词序数词的构成(1)一般在基数词后加th eg.fourfourth,thirteenthirteenth(2)不规则变化onefirst,two second ,three third ,five fifth ,eight eighth,nine ninth ,twelve-twelfth (3)以 y 结尾的十位整数,变y 为 ie 再加 th twenty twentieth , forty fortieth , ninetyninetieth(4)从二十一后的 “ 几十几” 直至“ 几百几十几 ” 或“ 几千几百几十几 ” 只将个位的基数词变为序数词twenty-first,two hundred and forty-fifth 七、介词(一)表示时间的介词(1)at 接具体时间: eg.at six,at half past two,at ten to twelve 5 表示 “ 在时刻” ;eg: at noon ,at midnight (2)in 表示 “ 在(某段时间段 )之间” ;eg.in January ,in a month,in spring,in 2005 在将来时中,表示 “ 在某段时间之后 ”eg.In ten years ,I think Ill be a reporter. (3)on 表示在具体的某一天或某一天的上午、下午或晚上等。
eg. On Monday,On Tuesday afternoon ,On May4th,On the morning of (三)固定搭配的介词(1)动词+介词:look after,look at,look for,laugh at,listen to,hear from,turn On,turn off, wait for ,worry about,think of,spend.On (2)介词十名词:by train, on foot, at the end of ,at last , in the end, in trouble,at table,at breakfast ,in hospital,in time,On time, On ones way to,with pleasure (3)be+形容词 +介词:be afraid of ,be good at ,be goodbad for, be late for,be interested in ,be angry, with,be full of,be sorry for 八、连词 (conj. (1)并列连词 (用来连接平行的词、词组或分句) 表并列关系: not only.but also,neither.nor,and 表选择关系: or,either.or 表转折关系: but,while 表因果关系: for,so (2)从属连词 (用来引导从句 ) 引导时间状语从句:after,before,when,while,as,until,till ,since,as soon as 引导原因状语从句: because ,as,since 引导目的状语从句: so that,in order that 引导结果状语从句: so that,sothat ,such.that 引导比较状语从句: than,asas引导宾语从句: that,if, whether 6 一.英语句子的基本成分有8 种:主语(subject) 谓语(predicate) 宾语(object) 定语(attribute) 状语(adverbial) 补语(complement) 表语(predicative) 同位语 (Appositive) 一主语(subject):主语是一个句子所叙述的主体, 一般位于句首。
但在 there be结构、疑问句(当主语不疑问词时)和倒装句中,主语位于谓语、助动词或情态动词后面主语可由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的形容词和主语从句等表示1 During the 1990s, American country music has become more and more popular. (名词)2 We often speak English in class. (代词)3 One-third of the students in this class are girls. (数词)4 To swim in the river is a great pleasure. (不定式)5 Smoking does harm to the health. (动名词)6 The rich should help the poor. (名词化的形容词)7( When we are going to have an English test ) has not been decided. (主语从句)8 It is necessary to master a foreign language. (it 作形式主语,真正的主语为后面的不定式)二、谓语谓语:说明主语做。