高考英语专题讲座-阅读理解说明文类 专题9 阅读理解——说明文类方法与技巧题型介绍：材料特点这类文章的总体特点是：科技词汇多，句子结构复杂，理论性强，逻辑严谨具体说来它有以下几个特点：1. 文章中词汇的意义比较单一、稳定、简明，不带感情色彩，具有单一性和准确性的特点这类文章通常不会出现文学英语中采用的排比、比喻、夸张等修辞手法，一词多义的现象也不多见2. 句子结构较复杂，语法分析较困难为了描述一个客观事物，严密地表达自己的思想，作者经常会使用集多种语法现象于一体的长句3. 常使用被动语态，尤其是一些惯用被动句式命题形式：命题特点科普类阅读的主要命题形式有事实细节题、词义猜测题、推理判断题以及主旨概括题等，其中推理判断题居多方法概述高考对说明文的考查多为科普说明文，它是阅读理解重要内容，也是高考考查难点科普类“阅读理解”题愈来愈受到命题者的青睐?而科普类文章往往具有跨学科?行文逻辑性强等特点,要求考生能从文章的整体逻辑以及重要细节上全面把握? 【试题特点】① 注重学科渗透,行文逻辑性强,内容抽象?② 贴近学生的学习?生活实际,有利于激发学生的思维,对选拔优秀考生有一定的作用? ③ 能全面地考查学生的综合阅读能力和运用所学知识去分析?解决实际问题的能力?(4)科学方法图示判断题科普说明文常出现科学方法图示判断题，这种试题或以生物依赖关学—科—网系为命题题点，要求考生判断正确的生物依赖关系；或以工艺流程为命题题点，要求考生判断正确的流程顺序，或以生产方法为命题题点，要求考生判断正确的生产方法；或以机械配制为命题题点，要求考生判断正确的机械配制。
解题时一定要认真阅读分析原文对生物依赖关系、发明创造诞生过程和工艺流程过程的介绍，并且边读边画简易草图，以提高理解准确率分析备选项时应对照原文介绍情况，找出各图不同之处，以便最终做出正确判断命题方式考点一、细节事实理解一篇文章必然是由许多具体的细节、具体的内容构成的，所有这些信息以某种顺序（时间、空间、情感变化等）排列起来，来进一步解释或阐释主题，体现文章的主旨大意细节理解题目主要考查学生对文章具体事实和细节的理解能力，属于表层理解题范畴，难度较小，但在整个阅读理解题中所占比例最大，细节理解题多从文章的某个具体事实或细节出发来设计题目 此类题通常根据文章具体内容来设问，也常使用下列方式来提问 1.Which of the following statements is(not) true/correct? 2.Which of the following is not mentioned? 3.All of the following are true except...4.According to the passage,when/where/why/how/how/what/which,etc...？1.直接事实题在解答这类问题时要求学生抓住题干文字信息，采用针对性方法进行阅读，因为这类题的答案在文章中可以直接找到。
如：A giant dam was built many years ago to control the Colorado River in the U.S.This dam was built to protect the land and houses around the river.This huge dam is in the Black Canyon.It is possible to drive a car from one side of the river to the other on a road，which is on the top of the dam.This dam is so big that there is an elevator inside.The elevator goes down forty-four stories from the road to the bottom.There is enough concrete in this dam to build a highway from New York to San Francisco.Thousands of people worked on this dam for five years.This huge dam was called Boulder Dam when it was finished in 1936.Later it was renamed Hoover Dam in honor of a president of the United States.Hoover Dam，one of the highest dams in the world，is situated between the states of Arizona and Nevada.Q：Hoover Dam lies______ . A.between Arizona and Nevada B.in the Black CanyonC.between New York and San Francisco D.both A and B【解析】由第二段的第一句话和最后一段的最后一句话可得出正确答案是D项。
2.间接事实题解答此类题，需要结合上下文提供的语境和信息进行简单的概括和判断或者要进行简单的计算 Invited by Mr.Ye Huixian，host of the well-received TV programme“Stars Tonight”，Miss Luo Lin，Miss Asia of 1991，appeared as the guest hostess on the Shanghai TV screen last Sunday.Born in Shanghai and taken to Hongkong when she was only six years old，Luo Lin has never dreamed of being Miss Asia.Her childhood dream was to be an air hostess.Before she took part in the competition，she had been an airhostess in Cathay Airline for seven years.However， it still took her three months to learn the art of walking on the stage，dancing,singing,making-up and other proper manners，designed by the Asia TV Station.“It?s really a hard job for me.I won?t enter for such competition any more.Anyhow，I am quite lucky.I am also glad to have had more chance to work for the social welfare since I won the title.This time，in Shanghai，I?d love to make a deep impression on my TV audience，”said Luo Lin with a sweet smile.Q：Which of the following is NOT true?A.Luo Lin is a native of Shanghai.B.Luo Lin moved to Hongkong with her parents. C.Luo Lin won the title of Miss Asia in 1991.D.Asia TV Station helped Luo Lin to become Miss Asia.【解析】A、C和D项都可在原文找到答案，而B项原文所给的是：taken to Hongkong可判断不是moved to Hongkong with her parents，因此选B。
3、数据推算If you register both the VIEW qualification course and the Forum at the same time,you will save_______ . A.$100B.$300C.$350D.$400这类题目要求学生就文章提供的数据，以及数据与文中其他信息的关系做简单计算和推断在做此类题时：1.要抓住并正确理解与数据有关的信息含义2.弄清众多信息中那些属于有用信息，那些属于干扰信息 3.不要孤立看待数字信息，而要抓住一些关键用语的意义 考点二、主题理解或写作意图推断 一、主旨阅读理解题考查的内容 1.短文的标题（title,headline）； 2.短文或段落的主题（subject）； 3.中心思想(main idea)； 4.作者的写作目的(purpose) 二、此类题的设问方式1.What would be the best title for the text? 2.What does the second paragraph mainly discuss? 3.What is the passage mainly about?4.The main purpose of announcing the above events is__________. 考点三、推理推断。
推理题要求考生根据文章提供的事实和线索进行逻辑推理，推断出作者没有提到或者没有明说的事实或者可能发生的事实这类题旨在考查学生透过词语的字面意义去理解作者的言外之意或弦外之音的能力，属于深层理解题此类题的设问常常包括infer,imply,suggest,conclude 等词，这类题的设问方式主要有：1.We can infer from the Passage that__________. 2.What can be inferred from the Passage?3.Which of the following can be inferred from the Passage? 4.It can be inferred from Paragraph 3 that__________. 5.The author suggests in this paragraph that__________. 6.The writer implies that__________. 7.It can be inferred that__________.8.It can be concluded from the Passage that__________. 9.On the whole,we can conclude that__________. 10.From the text we can conclude that__________.11.After reading the Passage we may conclude that__________. 12.What conclusion can be drawn from the Passage? 13.The author is inclined to th。