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1、名师归纳总结 精品word资料 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -中学英语语法大全语法网络图一名词I. 名词的种类:专出名词一般名词国名地名人名,团体机构名称可数名词不行数名词个体名词集体名词抽象名词物质名词II. 名词的数:1. 规章名词的复数形式:名词的复数形式,一般在单数形式后面加-s 或-es;现将构成方法与读音规章列表如下:规章例词1 一般情形在词尾加-smap-maps, sea-seas, girl-girls, day-days2 以 s, x, ch, sh 结尾的名词后加-esclass-classes, box-boxes, watch-watch
2、es, dish-dishes以 -f 或3 -fe 结尾的词变 -f 和-fe 为 v 再加 -esleaf-leaves, thief-thieves, knife-knives,wife-wives, half-halves加 -schief-chiefs, proof-proofs, roof-roofs以辅音字母加y 结尾的名词, 变 y 为4i 加-es以元音字母加y 结尾的名词, 或专有5名词以 y 结尾的,加 -sparty-parties, family-families, story-stories, city-citiestoy-toys, boy-boys, day-d
3、ays, ray-rays, Henry-Henrys以辅音字母加6-o 结尾的名词一般加 -esNegro-Negroes, hero-heroes, potato-potatoes, tomato-tomatoes不少外来词加-spiano-pianos, photo-photos, auto-autos,kilo-kilos, solo-solos两者皆可zero-zeros/zeroes, volcano-volcanoes/ volcanos7 以元音字母加-o 结尾的名词加-sradio-radios, bamboo-bamboos, zoo-zoos8 以 -th 结尾的名词加-
4、struth-truths, mouth-mouths, month-months, path-paths,2. 不规章名词复数:英语里有些名词的复数形式是不规章的,现归纳如下: 第 1 页,共 29 页 - - - - - - - - -名师归纳总结 精品word资料 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -规章例词1 转变名词中的元音字母或其他形式man-men, woman-women, foot-feet, goose-geese, mouse-mice2 单复数相同sheep, deer, means, works, fish, yuan, jin,3 只有复数形式
5、trousers, clothes, thanks, goods, glasses,4 一些集体名词总是用作复数people, police部分集体名词既可以作单数(整体)5也可以作复数(成员)class, family, crowd, couple, group, government, population, team, public, party6 复数形式表示特殊含义customs 海关 , times 时代 , spirits 心情 ,drinks 饮料 , sands沙滩 , papers 文件报纸 , looks 外表 , brains 头脑智力 , greens 青菜 表示7
6、“某国人”合成名加-sAmericans, Australians, Germans, Greeks,Swedes, Europeans单复数同形Swiss, Portuguese, Chinese, Japanese以-man 或-woman 结尾的改为-men,-womenEnglishmen, Frenchwomen将主体名词变为复数sons-in-law, lookers-on, passers-by,story-tellers, boy friends8 词无主体名词时将最终一部分变为复数grown-ups, housewives, stopwatches将两部分变为复数women
7、singers, men servantsIII. 名词的全部格:名词在句中表示全部关系的语法形式叫做名词全部格;全部格分两种:一是名词词尾加s 构成,二是由介词of 加名词构成;前者多表示有生命的东西,后者多表示无生命的东西;1. 所s有格的构成:单数名词在末尾加sthe boy s father, Jacsk book,her son-in- law s photo,复数名词一般在末尾加the teachers room, the twins mother,不规章复数名词后加sthe childrens toys, women s rights,以 s 结尾的人名全部格加s或者 Dicke
8、ns novels, Charles s job, the Smiths house表示各自的全部关系时,各名词末尾均须加sJapan s and America s problems, Jane s and Mary s bikes表示共有的全部关系时在最终一词末加sJapan and America s problems, Jane and Mary s father表示某人家店铺,全部格后名词省略the doctors, the barbers, the tailors, 第 2 页,共 29 页 - - - - - - - - -名师归纳总结 精品word资料 - - - - - -
9、- - - - - - - - -my uncles2. 所s有格的用法:表示时间today s newspaper, five weeks holiday2表示自然现象the ear th s atmosphere, the tree s branches表示国家城市等地方的3名词the country s plan, the world s population, China s industry4 表示工作群体the ship s crew, majority s view, the team s victory5 表示度量衡及价值a mile s journey, five dolla
10、rs worth of apples与人类活动有特殊关系6 的名词th e life s time, the play s plot7 某些固定词组3. of 全部格的用法:a bird s eye view, a stone s throw, at one措不知所s wit s end用于无生命的东西:the legs of the chair, the cover of the book用于有生命的东西,特殊是有较长定语时:the classrooms of the first-year students用于名词化的词:the struggle of the oppressed二冠词冠词分
11、为不定冠词(a, an),定冠词(the),和零冠词;I. 不定冠词的用法:1 指一类人或事,相当于a kind ofA plane is a machine that can fly.2 第一次提及某人某物,非特指A boy is waiting for you.3 表示“每一”相当于every , oneWe study eight hours a day.4 表示“相同”相当于the sameWe are nearly of an age.用于人名前, 表示不熟悉此人或与5某名人有类似性质的人或事A Mr. Smith came to visit you when you were ou
12、t That boy is rather a Lei Feng.6用于固定词组中用于 quite, rather, many, half,7what, such 之后A couple of, a bit, once upon a time, in a hurry, have a walk, many a timeThis room is rather a big one.8用于 soas, too, how+ 形容词之后She is as clever a girl as you can wish to meet.II. 定冠词的用法:1 表示某一类人或物The horse is a usef
13、ul animal.2 用于世上独一无二的事物名词前the universe, the moon, the Pacific Ocean表示说话双方都明白的或上文提到过3的人或事Would you mind opening the door.4 用于乐器前面play the violin, play the guitar 第 3 页,共 29 页 - - - - - - - - -名师归纳总结 精品word资料 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -5 用于形容词和分词前表示一类人the reach, the living, the wounded6 表示“一家人”或“夫妇”the Greens, the Wangs用于序数词和形容词副词比较级最高7级前He is the taller of the two children.用于国家党派等以及江河湖海,山川群8 岛的名词前the United States, the Communist Party of China, the French9 用于表示创造物的单数名词前The compass was invented in China.在逢十的复数数词之