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1、Consumers, Producers, and the Efficiency of Markets消费者、生产者与市场效率Chapter 7Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.Revisiting the Market EquilibriumDo the equilibrium price and quantity maximize the total welfare of buyers and sellers?uMarket equilibrium reflects the way
2、markets allocate scarce resources. u Whether the market allocation is desirable is determined by welfare economics.Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.回顾市场均衡市场均衡价格和数量能否使买者和卖者的总利益最大化？u市场均衡反映了市场配置稀缺资源的方式。 u 市场配置资源是否合意可以根据福利经济学理论判定。Harcourt, Inc. items and derived ite
3、ms copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.Welfare EconomicsWelfare economics is the study of how the allocation of resources affects economic well-being.福利经济学研究资源配置如何影响经济福利 。Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.Welfare Economics 福利经济学Equilibrium in the market results in ma
4、ximum benefits, and therefore maximum total welfare for both the consumers and the producers of the product.市场均衡使利益最大化，即使产品的消费者和生产者的总利益最大化。Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.Welfare Economics 福利经济学uConsumer surplus measures economic welfare from the buyers side. 消
5、费者剩余从消费者角度衡量经济福利。uProducer surplus measures economic welfare from the sellers side. 生产者剩余从生产者角度衡量经济福利。Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.Consumer Surplus 消费者剩余uWillingness to pay is the maximum price that a buyer is willing and able to pay for a good. 支付意愿买者为某种物品愿
6、意和能够支付的最高价格。uIt measures how much the buyer values the good or service. 它衡量买者对物品的评价是多少。Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.Consumer Surplus 消费者剩余Consumer surplus is the amount a buyer is willing to pay for a good minus the amount the buyer actually pays for it.消费者剩
7、余 买者支付意愿减去买者的实际支付量。Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.Four Possible Buyers Willingness to Pay. 四个可能买者的支付意愿Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.Consumer Surplus 消费者剩余The market demand curve depicts the various quantities that buyer
8、s would be willing and able to purchase at different prices.市场需求曲线表示在不同价格水平下，买者愿意和能够购买的数量。Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.The Demand Schedule and the Demand CurveHarcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.需求表与需求曲线Harcourt, Inc. items
9、 and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.Figure 1 The Demand Schedule and the Demand CurvePrice ofAlbum5070800$1001234Quantity ofAlbumsJohns willingness to payPauls willingness to payGeorges willingness to payRingos willingness to payDemandHarcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2
10、001 by Harcourt, Inc.图1. 需求表与需求曲线专辑的价格5070800$1001234专辑的数量约翰的支付意愿保罗的支付意愿乔治的支付意愿林格的支付意愿需求Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.Measuring Consumer Surplus with the Demand Curve.Price ofAlbum5070800$1001234Quantity ofAlbumsDemandJohns consumer surplus ($20)Price = $80Ha
11、rcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.用需求曲线衡量消费者剩余.专辑的价格5070800$1001234专辑的数量需求约翰的消费者剩余（20美元）价格 = 80美元Figure 2 Measuring Consumer Surplus with the Demand Curve(b) Price = $70Price ofAlbum5070800$100Demand1234Totalconsumersurplus ($40)Quantity ofAlbumsJohns consumer surp
12、lus ($30)Pauls consumersurplus ($10)图2. 用需求曲线衡量消费者剩余(b) 价格 = 70美元专辑的价格5070800$100 需求1234总消费者剩余 (40美元)专辑的数量约翰的消费者剩余 (30美元)保罗的消费者剩余 (10美元)Figure 3 How the Price Affects Consumer SurplusConsumersurplusQuantity(a) Consumer Surplus at Price PPrice0DemandP1Q1BAC图3. 价格如何影响消费者剩余消费者剩余数量(a)价格在P价格0需求P1Q1BAC时的消
13、费者剩余Figure 3 How the Price Affects Consumer SurplusInitialconsumersurplusQuantity(b) Consumer Surplus at Price PPrice0DemandABCDEFP1Q1P2Q2Consumer surplusto new consumersAdditional consumersurplus to initial consumersQ2P2图3. 价格如何影响消费者剩余数量价格0需求原来的消费者剩余原来消费者新增的消费者剩余新消费者的消费者剩余Q1P1DEFBCA（b）价格在P2 时的消费者剩余
14、Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.Measuring Consumer Surplus with the Demand Curve用需求曲线衡量消费者剩余The area below the demand curve and above the price measures the consumer surplus in the market.需求曲线以下和价格以上的面积衡量市场的消费者剩余。Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright
15、 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.What Does Consumer Surplus Measure? Consumer surplus, the amount that buyers are willing to pay for a good minus the amount they actually pay for it, measures the benefit that buyers receive from a good as the buyers themselves perceive it.Harcourt, Inc. items and derived item
16、s copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.消费者剩余衡量了什么？消费者剩余， 即买者愿意为一种物品支付的量减他们实际支付的量，衡量了消费者从一种物品中得到的买者自己感觉到的利益。Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.Producer Surplus 生产者剩余uProducer surplus is the amount a seller is paid minus the sellers cost. 生产者剩余卖者得到的量减去卖者的成本。uIt measures the benefit to sellers participating in a market. 它衡量了卖者从参与市场中得到的利益。Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.The Costs of Four Possible Sellers. 四个可能卖者的成本Harcourt, Inc. i
