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1、Unit 1 Chemical Industry Why choose the major of chemical engineering and processI was interested in chemistry in high school, so I chose this majorBut then I realized that chemistry is very different from chemical engineeringChemistry focuses on theoretical learning while chemical engineering is mo
2、re practicalChemistry focuses on theoretical learning while chemical engineering is more practicalChemical industry is closely related to our lifeBefore reading the text below, try to answer following question:1. When did the modern chemical industry start? 2. Can you give a definition for the chemi
3、cal industry?3. What are the contribution which the chemical industry has made to meet and satisfy our needs?4. Is the chemical industry capital- or labor-intensive? Why?1. Origins of the Chemical Industry Although the use of chemicals dates back to the ancient civilizations, the evolution of whaZwt
4、 we know as the modern chemical industry started much more recently. It may be considered to have begun during the Industrial Revolution, about 1800, and developed to provide chemicals roe use by other industries. Examples are alkali碱 for soapmaking, bleaching漂白 powder for cotton, and silica and sod
5、ium carbonate碳酸钠 for glassmaking. It will be noted that these are all inorganic无机 chemicals. The organic chemicals industry started in the 1860s with the exploitation of William Henry Perkins discovery if the first synthetic dyestuffmauve苯胺紫. At the start of the twentieth century the emphasis on res
6、earch on the applied aspects of chemistry in Germany had paid off handsomely可观的 大量的, and by 1914 had resulted in the German chemical industry having 75% of the world market in chemicals. This was based on（/due to/attribute to) the discovery of new dyestuffs plus the development of both the contact p
7、rocess for sulphuric acid and the Haber process for ammonia氨(哈伯法制氨，氮气加氢气合成氨). The later required a major technological breakthrough that of being able to carry out chemical reactions under conditions of very high pressure for the first time. The experience gained with this was to stand Germany in go
8、od stead（stand sb in good stead 给某人好处), particularly with the rapidly increased demand for nitrogen-based compounds氨基化合物 (ammonium salts for fertilizers and nitric acid for explosives manufacture) with the outbreak of world warin 1914. This initiated profound changes which continued during the inter
9、-war years (1918-1939).虽然化学制品的使用可以追溯到古代文明，但是我们所知道的现代化学工业的发展却是最近才开始的。它可能被认为是在1800年左右的工业革命时期开始的，发展的目的是为其他工业提供化学原料。例如制造肥皂用的碱，制造棉花用的漂白粉，制造玻璃用的硅和碳酸钠。值得注意的是，这些都是无机化学物质。有机化学工业始于19世纪60年代，当时威廉亨利珀金发现了第一种合成苯胺紫。二十世纪初，德国对化学应用方面研究的重视获得了丰厚的回报，到1914年，德国的化学工业已占世界化学市场的75%。这是基于新染料的发现，以及硫酸接触法和哈伯法制氨的发展。后者需要一个重大的技术突破，那就是
10、能够在第一次非常高压的条件下进行化学反应。这方面的经验使德国处于有利地位，特别是在1914年第一次世界大战爆发后，对氮基化合物(用于化肥的铵盐和用于炸药制造的硝酸)的需求迅速增加的情况下。这引起了深刻的变化，这种变化在两次世界大战之间的几年中(1918-1939年)继续发生。Since 1940 the chemical industry has grown at a remarkable/apparent/dramatic/obvious rate, although this has slowed significantly in recent years. The lions share
11、 of this growth has been in the organic chemicals sector due to the development and growth of the petrochemicals石油化工 area since 1950s. The explosives growth in petrochemicals in the 1960s and 1970s was largely due to the enormous increase in demand for synthetic polymers聚合物 such as polyethylene, pol
12、ypropylene, nylon, polyesters and epoxy resins记住这些聚合物.The chemical industry today is a very diverse sector of manufacturing industry, within which it plays a central role. It makes thousands of different chemicals which the general public only usually encounter as end or consumer products. These pro
13、ducts are purchased because they have the required properties which make them suitable for some particular application, e.g. a non-stick不沾的 coating for pans or a weedkiller(除草剂 weed+killer). Thus chemicals are ultimately sold for the effects that they produce. 自1940年以来，化学工业以惊人的速度增长，尽管近年来增长明显放缓。自20世纪
14、50年代以来，由于石油化工领域的发展和壮大，有机化工领域的增长占了最大的份额。20世纪60年代和70年代，石油化工行业的爆炸品增长，主要是由于对合成聚合物(如聚乙烯、聚丙烯、尼龙、聚酯和环氧树脂)的需求大幅增加。今天的化学工业是一个非常多样化的制造业部门，在其中起着核心作用。它制造了成千上万种不同的化学物质，而普通大众通常只会把它们当作终端产品或消费品来使用。购买这些产品是因为它们具有所需的性能，使它们适合于某些特定的应用，如锅的不粘涂层或除草剂。因此，化学药品最终是根据它们产生的效果来销售的。2. Definition of the Chemical Industry At the turn
15、 of the century there would have been little difficulty in defining what constituted the chemical industry since因为 only a very limited range of products was manufactured and these were clearly chemicals, e.g., alkali, sulphuric acid. At present, however, many intermediates to products produced, from
16、 raw materials like crude oil through (in some cases) many intermediates to products which may be used directly as consumer goods, or readily converted into them（= consumer goods）. The difficulty comes in deciding at which point in this sequence the particular operation ceases to be不再是 part of the chemical industrys sphere of activities. To consider a specific example to illustrate this dilemma可以据一些例子来描述这个困境, emulsion paints乳胶漆 may contain po
