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1、句子结构及成分 相关概念1. 词性的英文缩写在英语学习中，掌握单词词性非常重要。如果我们在记单词的时只记拼写、读音而不记词性的话，我们就不知道如何使用它们，所以我们在记单词时一定要把单词词性记准记牢。缩写字母原词代表词性n. noun 名词v. verb 动词vt.transitive verb 及物动词vi.intransitive verb 不及物动词modal v. modal verb 情态动词aux. v. auxiliary verb 助动词adj.adjective 形容词adv.adverb 副词num. numeral 数词interj. interjection 感叹词pr
2、on. pronoun 代词prep.preposition 介词art . article 冠词conj conjunction 连词2. 及物动词和不及物动词实义动词后面跟宾语时，这个动词是及物动词。实义动词后面不跟宾语时，此时这个动词是不及物动词。The door opened. (open 后面没跟宾语，此时，open是不及物动词。) He opened the door. (open 后面有宾语the door, 此时，open是及物动词。 ) 注意： 英语中一个动词是及物动词还是不及物动词，关键是看它用在句中时后面是否跟宾语。有些动词既可作及物动词又可作不及物动词，词义相同。如：T
3、he meeting began at six. We began the meeting at six. 有()些动词既可作及物动词又可作不及物动词，但词义不同。如：The man walked away. (walk 不及物动词，意为“ 走”)He walked the dog every day. ( walk 及物动词， “ 遛”)She washes clothes at home. (wash 及物动词， “ 洗”)The clothes washes well. (wash 不及物动词， “ 耐洗 ”)英语中一些单词是及物还是不及物，可能与汉语不同。He listens to t
4、he music every day. (listen 为不及物动词，而汉语中 “ 听” 是及物动词。 ) 指出下列句中斜体动词是及物动词还是不及物动词，及物动词填vt.，不及物填vi.。考点 1.Most birds can fly.（）考点 2.The children are flying kites in the park. ( ) 考点 3.It happened yesterday.（）考点 4.My watch stopped.（）考点 5.The baby stopped crying when he saw his mother. ( ) 考点 6.She spoke at
5、the meeting this morning. （）考点 7.Shall I begin at once?（）考点 8.She began working as a teacher after she leftschool.（） （）考点 9.When did they leave Beijing? （）考点 10. They left last week. （）3. 实义动词、助动词与情态动词实义动词和助动词是根据动词在句子中的含义和作用来划分的。实义动词也叫行为动词。实义动词精品p d f 资料 - - - 欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -欢迎下载
6、名师归纳 - - - - - - - - - -第 1 页，共 20 页 - - - - - - - - - - 精品学习资料 - - -p d f 精品资料 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -指的是那些意义完全且能够独立作谓语的动词。如：He lives quite near. (live“住 ” ，有明确的意义，单独作谓语，为实义动词。) I like reading. （ like “喜欢 ” ，意思明确，单独作谓语，为实义动词。 ）I bought a pen yesterday. （ bought “买” ，意义明确，单独作谓语，为实义动词。）助动词助动词的
7、“ 助” 是“ 帮助 ” 之意。因此，助动词是指那些用来帮助构成时态、语态、虚拟语气、疑问句、否定句、倒装句和帮助强调的词。这些词本身无词汇意义或意义不完全，不能单独作谓语。帮助构成时态的：The boy is crying.(is 用来帮助构成现在进行时，和crying 一起作谓语，是助动词。) He has arrived. (has 用来帮助构成现在完成时，和arrived 一起作谓语，是助动词。) I have been painting all day. （have been用来帮助构成现在完成进行时，和painting 一起作谓语，都是助动词。 ）帮助构成否定句和疑问句的：Does
8、 he like English? (does 帮助构成一般疑问句，没有具体意义，是助动词。) He doesn t have lunch at home. (does 只是帮助构成否定句，没有具体意义，是助动词。) 帮助构成被动语态的Trees are planted in spring. (are 帮助构成被动语态，没有具体意义，是助动词。) The house has been pulled down. (has been帮助构成时态和语态，是助动词。) 帮助构成虚拟语气If he had come yesterday, I wouldn t have made such a mista
9、ke.(had, have 帮助构成虚拟语气，是助动词， 属于谓语的一部分。) 帮助构成倒装句的So did he love his mother that he bought her many presents on her birthday. (他如此爱他的母亲以至于他母亲生日那一天，他给她买了许多礼物。 did 只是帮助构成倒装句，没有具体意义，是助动词。) 帮助构成强调意义的He did come yesterday. (他昨天确实来过。did 起强调作用，没有具体意义，是助动词。) 因此可以看出， 常见的助动词为do, be, have，它们为基本助动词。一个词既可以作实义动词也可以
10、作助动词，具体是哪一种，主要看它们在句中的功能。He did his homework at seven oclock.(did单独作谓语，意为 “ 做” ，是实义动词。) Did he do his homework yesterday? (did 是助动词， 帮助构成一般疑问句，do 是实义动词，意为“ 做” ，是实义动词。 ) He has had breakfast. (has是助动词， 帮助构成现在完成时， ()had 是实义动词，意为“ 吃” 。has had一起构成了句子的谓语。) 指出下列斜体单词是实义动词还是助动词。i.Does ( ) he like ( ) swimmin
11、g? ii.He does ( ) like ( ) swimming. iii.Where does( ) he live ( )? iv.He does ( ) some washing after work. v.He has ( ) had ( ) supper already. vi.The bridge has( ) been( ) built ( ) now. vii.I have ( ) been ( )waiting ( ) for you all day. viii.He was ( ) struck ( ) by a stone. 情态动词情态动词同助动词一样，不能单独作
12、谓语，要和实义动词一起作谓语。因此，情态动词也称为情态助动词。情态动词同基本助动词的区别在于，基本助动词本身无意义，而情态动词有自己的意义。如：He can swim across the river.(can 的词义为“能够” ) You must stay at home. (must 词义为“必须” ) I might leave tomorrow.（might 的词义为“或许”）精品p d f 资料 - - - 欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -欢迎下载 名师归纳 - - - - - - - - - -第 2 页，共 20 页 - - - - - -
13、- - - - 精品学习资料 - - -p d f 精品资料 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -3 （具体用法参看P. 错误！未定义书签。错误！未找到引用源。）4. 谓语和非谓语在英语中，一个主谓结构中只能有一个谓语，再出现动词时， 要变成非谓语形式，即：在前面加to 构成动词不定式，或在后面加-ing 构成动名词或现在分词，或在后面加-ed 构成过去分词。也就是说，非谓语是指： 动词不定式、 动名词、 现在分词和过去分词。先找出句中的谓语，然后改正句中的错误，并说明原因。考点 1.Get up early is good for our health. 早起有利于我们
14、的身体健康。考点 2.I want go home now. 我现在想回家。考点 3.My favorite sport is play football. 我最喜爱的运动是踢足球。考点 4.There is a bird sings in the tree. 有一只鸟正在树上唱歌。考点 5.The boy sits over there likes singing. 坐在那边的那个男孩喜欢唱歌。考点 6.The house was built last year has been sold out. 去年建的那座房子已经出售了。考点 7.The girls are singing over
15、there are my classmates. 在那边唱歌的那些女孩是我的同学。考点 8.My parents wanted him work hard. 我父母亲想让他努力学习。考点 9.I remember saw him that day. 我记得那天看见过他。10. I saw him walked into the building. 我看到他跑进那座建筑物。5. 主动关系和被动关系先看下面两个题：1._ wonderful, this kind of food enjoyed a good sale. A. Tasted B. Being tasted C. Tasting D.
16、 Having tasted 2.The food _ delicious sells well. A. smells B. smelled C. smelling D. is smelling 一些同学分别选A 和 B。他们说，食物是被品尝、被闻的，和食物构成被动关系，所以要用过去分词。这种说法是错误的。非谓语中的主动关系和被动关系，不是从谁做了这个动作着眼，而是从恢复成一句话后是“主动语态”还是“被动语态”着眼。主动关系 ：从逻辑关系上看，相当于主动语态。如：The boy crying over there is Tom.( 在那边哭的那个男孩) 从逻辑上讲， the boy cry, 男孩哭， 相当于主动语态，是主动关系。被动关系 ：从逻辑关系上看，相当于被动语态。如：The house built () last year is the strongest.(去年建的那座房子) 从逻辑上讲， the house was built,房子被建， 相当于被动语态，是被动关系。在上两题中， 逻辑关系可以表达为：This kind of food tasted wonderful.
