Pioneers of Science四位科学先驱阿尔伯特•爱因斯坦阿尔伯特•爱因斯坦(1879—1955),美籍德裔犹太人，因为“对理论物理的贡献，特别 是解释了光电效应”而获得1921年诺贝尔物理学奖，现代物理学的开创者、奠基人，相对论 ——“质能关系的创立者，“决定论量子力学诠释的捍卫者(振动的粒子)阿尔伯特•爱因斯坦Albert Einstein,出生在德国的一个犹太人家庭里是世界十大杰出 物理学家之一，现代物理学的创始人、集大成者和奠基人，著名思想家和哲学家爱因斯坦 1900年毕业于苏黎世联邦理工学院，入瑞士国籍(原籍德国)o 1905年获苏黎世大学哲学博士 学位曾在伯尔尼专利局任职，在苏黎世工业大学担任大学教授1913年返徳国，任柏林威 廉皇帝物理研究所所长和柏林洪堡大学教授，并当选为普鲁士皇家科学院院士1933年爱因 斯坦在英国期间，被格拉斯哥大学授予荣誉法学博士学位(LL.D)因为受到纳粹政权以及 希特勒的迫害，逃亡到美利坚合众国，担任普林斯顿高等研究所(Institute for Advanced Study) 教授，从事理论物理研究工作，1940年加入美国国籍他创立了代表现代科学的相对论，为核能开发奠定了理论基础，在现代科学技术和他的 深刻影响下与广泛应用等方面开创了现代科学新纪元，被公认为是自伽利略、牛顿以来最伟 大的科学家、物理学家。
1999年12月26S,爱因斯坦被美国《时代周刊》评选为“世纪伟人”Albert Einstein (14 March 1879 一 18 April 1955) was a German-born theoretical physicist who developed the general theory of relativity, one of the two pillars of modern physics (alongside quantum mechanics). While best known for his mass-energy equivalence formula E = me2 (which has been dubbed "the worlds most famous equation"), he received the 1921 Nobel Prize in Physics "for his services to theoretical physics, and especially for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect". The latter was pivotal in establishing quantum theory.Near the beginning of his career, Einstein thought that Newtonian mechanics was no longer enough to rec on cile the laws of classical mechanics with the laws of the electro mag netic field.This led to the development of his special theory of relativity. He realized, however, that the principle of relativity could also be extended to gravitational fields, and with his subsequent theory of gravitation in 1916, he published a paper on the general theoiy of relativity. He continued to deal with problems of statistical mechanics and quantum theory, which led to his explanations of particle theory and the motion of molecules. He also investigated the thermal properties of light which laid the foundation of the photon theory of light. In 1917, Einstein applied the general theory of relativity to model the large-scale structure of the universe.He was visiting the United States when Adolf Hitler came to power in 1933 and did not go back to Germany, where he had been a professor at the Berlin Academy of Sciences- He settled in the U.S., becoming an American citizen in 1940. On the eve of World War II, he endorsed a letter to President Franklin D・ Roosevelt alerting him to the potential developing of "extremely powerful bombs of a new type” and recommending that the U.S. begin similar research. This eventually led to what would become the Man hattan Project. Einstein was in support of defending the Allied forces, but largely denounced using the new discoveiy of nuclear fission as a weapon. Later, with the British philosopher Bertrand Russell, Einstein signed the Russell-Einstein Manifesto, which highlighted the danger of nuclear weapons・ Einstein was affiliated with the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey, until his death in 1955・Einstein published more than 300 scientific papers along with over 150 non-scientific works. His great intellectual achievements and originality have made the word "Einstein” synonymous with genius・爱德文•鲍威尔•哈勃爱徳文•鲍威尔•哈勃（1889年11月200 — 1953年9月28口），美国著名天文学家，是研究 现代宇宙理论最著名的人物2—，河外天文学的奠基人和提供宇宙膨胀实例证据的第一人。
他发现了大多数星系都存在红移的现象，建立了哈勃定律，被认为是宇宙膨胀的有力证拯 同时，他也是星系天文学的创始人和观测宇宙学的开拓者哈勃对20世纪天文系做出许多贡献，被尊为一代宗师其中最重大者有二：一是确认星 系是与银河系相当的恒星系统，开创了星系天文学，建立了大尺度宇宙的新概念；二是发现 了星系的红移•距离关系，促使现代宇宙学的诞生1919年，他用世界上最大的150厘米和254厘氷望远镜照相观测旋涡星云当时天文界正 围绕“星云"是不是银河系的一部分这个问题展开了激烈的讨论1923〜1924年，哈勃用威尔 逊山天文台的254厘米反射望远镜拍摄了仙女座大星云和M33的照片，确定它们是银河系外 巨大的天体系统——河外星系，并在1924年在美国天文学会一次学术会议上正式公布了这一 发现这项发现使多年来关于旋涡星云是近距天体还是银河系之外的宇宙岛的爭论就此结 束，从而揭开了探索大宇宙的新的一页1926年，他发表了对河外星系的形态分类法，后 称哈勃分类20世纪初，在斯里弗观测的基础上，哈勃对遥远星系的距离与红移进行了大量测量工作, 发现远方星系的谱线均有红移，而且距离越远的星系，红移越大，于是得出重要的结论：星 系看起来都在远离我们而去，且距离越远，远离的速度越高。
1929年他通过统计分析，更进 一步发现星系退行的速率与星系距离的间存在着线性关系这一关系后被称为哈勃定律这 个被称为哈勃常数的速率就是星系的速度同距离的比值这一结论意义深远，因为一直以来, 天文学家都认为宇宙是静止的运用广义相对论，人们通常把哈勃定律解释为宇宙膨胀的必 然结果哈勃定律的发现有力地推动了现代宇宙学的发展后来经过其他天文学家的理论研究之后，宇宙已按常数率膨胀了 137亿年在银河系之 外存在许多其它的星系，宇宙比人类想象的要大许多Edwin Powell HubbleEdwin Powell Hubble (November 20, 1889 一 September 2& 1953) was an American astronomer who played a crucial role in establishing the field of extragalactic astronomy and is generally regarded as one of the most important observational cosmologists of the 20th century・ Hubble is known for showing that the recessional velocity of a galaxy increases with its distance from the earth, implying the universe is expanding・ Known as "Hubbles law", this relation had been discovered previously by Georges Lemaitre; a Belgian priest/astronomer who published his work in a less visible journal. There is still much controversy surrounding the issue and some argue that it should be referred to as nLemaitre,s lawH although this change has not taken hold in the astronomy community.Hubble is also known for providing substantial evidence that many formerly knownMnebulaeH were actually galaxies beyond the Milky Way. American as。