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1、毕业设计（论文）1、外文翻译是毕业设计（论文）的主要内容之一，必须学生独立完成。2、外文翻译译文内容应与学生的专业或毕业设计（论文）内容相关，不得少于XXXX 卬刷符号。3、外文翻译译文用A4纸打印，需包含中文翻译和英文原文。4、年月日等的填写，用阿拉伯数字书写，要符合关于出版物上数字用法的试行 规定,如“2017年5月26日”。5、所有签名必须手写，不得打印。附件：外文原文Project Budget Monitor and ControlAuthor： Yin GuoliNationality： AmericanDerivation: Manaqement Science and Engi
2、neerinq. Montreal: Mar 20、2010With the marketing competitiveness growing, it is more and more critical in budget control of each project. This paper discusses that in the construction phase, how can a project manager be successful in budget control. There are many methods discussed in this paper, it
3、 reveals that to be successful, the project manager must concern all this methods1.1 NTRODUCTIONThe survey shows that most projects encounter cost over-runs (Williams Ackermann, Eden, 2002,pl92). According to Wright (1997)*s research, a good rule of thumb is to add a minimum of 50% to the first esti
4、mate of the budget (Gardiner and Stewart, 1998, p251 ) It indicates that project is very complex and full of challenge Many unexpected issues will lead the project cost over-runs. Therefore, many technologies and methods are developed for successful mon itori ng and control to lead the project to su
5、ccess .In this article, we will discuss in the construction phase, how can a project manager to be successful budget control.2 THE CONCEPT AND THE PURPOSE OF PROJECT CONTROL AND MONITORErel and Raz (2000) state that the project control cycle consists of measuring the status of the project, comparing
6、 to the plan, analysis of the deviations, and implementing any appropriate corrective actions When a project reach the construction phase, monitor and control is critical to deliver the project success Project monitoring exists to establish the need to take corrective action, whilst there is still t
7、ime to take action. Through monitoring the activities, the project team can analyze the deviations and decide what to do and actually do it. The purpose of monitor and control is to support the implementation of corrective actions, ensure projects stay on target or get project back on target once it
8、 has gone off target o3 SETTING UP AN EFFICIENT CONTROL SYSTEMFor the purpose of achieving cost target, the manager need to set up an efficient management framework including: reporting structure, assessing progress, and communication system. The employees* responsibility and authority need to be de
9、fined in the reporting structure. The formal and informal assessing progress can help getting a general perspective between reality and target. It is significant to help identify what is the risk and should be monitored and con trolled Project success is strongly linked to communication. The efficie
10、nt communication system benefit for teamwork and facilitate problem solving ( Diallo and Thuillier, 2005).4. COST MONITOR AND CONTROL4.1 Ranking the priority of monitoringIn construction phase, many activities are carried out based on the original plan. It is need to know what kind of activities or
11、things are most likely to lead the project delay and disruption. Therefore, the first step is ran king the priority of the activities. Because the duration of a project is determined by the total time of activities on critical path, any delay in an activity on the critical path will cause a delay in
12、 the completion date for the project (Ackermann Eden, Howick and Williams,2000,p295). Therefore, the activities on critical path should firstly to be monitored and con trolled. Secondly, monitoring the activities with no free float remaining, a delay in any activity with no free float will delay som
13、e subsequent activity inevitably. These subsequent delays will discomfit the resource schedule significantly. Some resources are unavailable because they are committed elsewhere Thirdly, monitoring the activities with less than a specified float, because if an activity has very little float, it migh
14、t use up the time before control decision is made once such an activities has a variance with the target. Fourthly, managers should monitor high risky activities. High risky activities are most likely to overspend. Fifthly, managers should monitor the activities using critical resource. Some resourc
15、e is critical because they are very expensive or limited (Cotterell and Hughes, 1995).4.2Methods of cost controlThe main cost of a project includes staff cost, material cost and delay cost. To control these cost, managers should first set up a cost control system to:a) Allocate responsibilities for
16、administration and analysis of financial datab) Ensure all costs are properly allocated against project codesc) Ensure all costs are genuinely in pursuit of project activitiesd) Check that other projects are not using the budget.Then, managers should monitor and control change to the project budget. It means the following things:a) Concerned with key factors that cause changes to the budgetb) Controlling actual cost
