Part 2 Titles of Papers1. Functions of titlesTitles of biomedical journal articles have two functions: to identify the main topic or the message of the paper and to attract readers.2. Contents of Titles for Hypothesis-Testing Papers2.1 Stating the Topic in the TitleThe standard title of a biomedical research paper is a phrase that identifies the topic of the pape匸 For a hypothesis-testing paper, the topic includes three pieces of information:• independent variable(s) (X),• dependent variable(s) you observed or measured(Y),• and the animal or population and the material on which you did the work (Z).If necessary, two other pieces of information may also be included in the title: the condition of the animals or subjects during the study and the experimental approach ・• Titles for papers that have both independent (X) and dependent variables (Y)For studies that have both independent and dependent variables, the standard form of the title is Effect of X on Y in Z. Look at the following examples:例 6-2-1Effect of P -Endorphin （B 内啡肽）on breathing movements in fetal sheep （研究对象）例 6-2-2Effect of common polymorphisms 多态性 of the B 2-adrenergic receptor B 2 肾上 腺素 能受体 on agonist-mediated 激动剂介导的 vascular desensitization 减敏作用（in humans）说明：如果标题中没有提及研究对象，则研究对 象意为一般人群，通常在标题中被省略。
例 6-2-3Effects of esmolol 艾司洛尔 on airway function in patients who have asthma说明：如果研究对象为特殊人群，则必须标注特 殊人群的具体状况• Titles for papers that have only dependent variables （因变量）For hypothesis-testing studies that have only dependent variables, the standard form of the title is Y inZ. Take for example:例 6-2-4Dynamics of the chest wall (因变量)in preterm infants (研究对象)例 6-2-5Prognostic importance of elevated jugular venous pressure 颈静脉压 and a third heart sound (因变量)in patients with heart failure (研究对象)2.2 Stating the Message in the TitleTraditionally, the title of a biomedical research paper states the topic of the paper. But if the paper has a strong, unambiguous (clear) message supported by strong, unequivocal evidence, the title of the paper can state the message, that is, the answer to the question. The message can be stated either in a phrase or in a sentence.In a phrase title, the message is expressed by either an adjective or a noun placed before the dependent variable (Y) at the beginning of the title. For example:例 6-2-6Reduced (a.) metabolic rate (Y) during radio-frequency irradiation in rats无线电射频辐射中大鼠代谢率的隆低例 6-2-7Alteration (n.) of lung mechanics (Y) by protein-calorie Ppreuti:nkaebri] malnutrition (蛋白质 营养 不足)in weaned rats蛋白质营养不足引起断奶期大鼠肺部机制的改变 例 6-2-8Verapamil [,vir9paemil]异博定 and diet halt the progression of atherosclerosis [,ae09r9uskl9r9usis] in cholesterol-fed rabbitsNote: This is a sentence title in which the message is expressed by a verb in present tense・ Using a sentence to state a message is stronger in tone than using a phrase is, and for this reason, use a sentence title only if you have a clear message backed up by solid evidence・2.3 Content of Titles for Methodological PapersThe title of a methodological paper should indicate the method, an apparatus [,aep9reit9s], or a material, should state its purpose, and should name the animal or population the method is used foe In addition, the title may indicate whether the method is new or improved. Look at the following examples:例 6-2-9Noninvasive method （应用 方法）for monitoring blood gases in the newborn （应用对象）监控新生儿血气的非侵袭性方法说明：Prepositional structure “for+doing is used to express purpose例 6-2-10Posterior surgical approach for operation of atlantoaxial [aetlaentaeksial]寰枢椎 instability颈后路手术治疗寰枢椎不稳说明：介词“for”之后也可用名词性词组（noun phrase）来表达应用目的。
3・ What is a Best TitleTitles are to be written to be understood by those in your field, telling them exactly what you have done in your work.（告诉你的同行确切研究了什么） 要求：1） Short and concise （简明扼要）：Write in one line （not a sentence）; not containing an active verb; not exceeding 25 words or 120-140 letters and spaces; no abbreviations or chemical symbols except those that are generally accepted, e.g. DNA, RNA, AIDS, CT, etc.;2) Informative (信息丰富)：State exactly what you want the reader to know about your paper and your work;3) Indexing (便于索引)：Pack as many key words or indexing terms as possible into the title without overloading it; key words are usually in the beginning or ending place of the title・For example:• Influence of A on B• Management of Hypertension in Diabetes• Comparison of Four Automated Prostate-specificAntigen 前列腺特异性抗原 Assays for Detection ofRecurrence after Radical Prostatectomy 根治性前歹U 腺切除术• M (Medicine) in the Treatment of D (Disease)• Does the Chronic Fatigue Syndrome 慢性疲乏综合征Involve the Autonomic Nervous System?• Compassionate use 同情使用 of M in children and young adults with D• Pre- and post-natal treatment of D• The impact of histopathologic diagnosis on the propermanagement of testis neoplasms• Multiple myeloma 多发性骨髓瘤：high。