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1、The Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, Fudan University Bao-Rong Lu,Scientific Methodology & Scientific Paper Writing科学研究方法与论文写作,第一页，编辑于星期二：一点 九分。,下篇：科学成果的表述方法,一、科学论文及其一般格式和组织二、论文题目、作者署名及摘要的撰写三、研究概况和研究目的前言四、研究材料与方法的选用和表述五、研究结果及其表述方法六、研究结果及其意义的讨论七、如何致谢和引用参考文献八、科学论文的投稿程序及须知九、科学论文的审稿和发表程序,第二
2、页，编辑于星期二：一点 九分。,一、科学论文及其一般格式和组织The organization & format of a scientific paper,第三页，编辑于星期二：一点 九分。,What is a scientific paper (article),A scientific paper:is a written document describing original research results or reviewing scientific findings & developmentthat will be published validly,第四页，编辑于星期二：
3、一点 九分。,Characteristics of scientific papers,The key characteristics of scientific writing is its clarityScientific writing must be understood (simple) Scientific writing is the transmission of a clear & simple signal to a recipient (reader)Scientific writing should use an appropriate language,第五页，编辑
4、于星期二：一点 九分。,1.为什么要写科学论文,A scientific experiment is not complete until the results have been published & understoodScientific writing ensures the scientific findings be learned & passed on,Without publication, science is dead. - Gerard Piel,第六页，编辑于星期二：一点 九分。,2. 科学论文的一般格式,The first world journals were
5、 published ca. 300 years agoThe early scientific writing was very descriptiveIn the recent 100 years, scientific writing becomes more structured with a certain formatThe IMMRD (or IMRAD) becomes commonly accepted scientific writing,第七页，编辑于星期二：一点 九分。,The IMMRD format of a original research paper,I =
6、IntroductionM&M = Material and methodR = ResultsD = Discussion,第八页，编辑于星期二：一点 九分。,Function of IMMRD,Introduction: What question was studied ? (the objectives of the study)Materials & methods: how & based on what the problem studied ?,第九页，编辑于星期二：一点 九分。,Function of IMMRD,Results: what are the findings
7、?Discussion: what do the findings mean ?,第十页，编辑于星期二：一点 九分。,Structure of a paper,Title & Abstract,Introduction,Materials & methods,Results,Discussion,第十一页，编辑于星期二：一点 九分。,The IMMRD Diagram,Shape of boxes are importantBegins much broader Introduction attracting the interest of audience Background inform
8、ation & previous work are woven together to justify the studyIntroduction ends with the aim or main outcomes of the study,第十二页，编辑于星期二：一点 九分。,Listed parts of a paper (MS),AcknowledgementsReference/ literature citedTablesFigure legendsFigures Appendices,TitleAuthorsAddressAbstract/ summaryKey wordsInt
9、roductionMaterial and methodsResultsDiscussion,第十三页，编辑于星期二：一点 九分。,3. 科学论文的组织 Organization of scientific papers,A scientific paper is organized to meet the needs of valid publicationIt should be highly STYLIZED with distinctive & clearly evident components (I,MM,R,D),第十四页，编辑于星期二：一点 九分。,科学论文的组织,The mo
10、st common order of the component parts in the scientific journals is:IntroductionMaterials & methodsResultsDiscussion,第十五页，编辑于星期二：一点 九分。,科学论文的组织,But some journals has somewhat different systems of organization:IntroductionResultsDiscussionMethods (Cell, molecular evolution),第十六页，编辑于星期二：一点 九分。,Struct
11、ure of a paper,Journals mainly publish molecular papers,第十七页，编辑于星期二：一点 九分。,Title & Abstract,Introduction,M & M,Conclusion,Structure of a paper,第十八页，编辑于星期二：一点 九分。,科学论文的组织,The basic IMRAD is very logicalIt is used for many other types of expository writingThe logic of IMRAD should be followed in organ
12、izing a scientific articleEven for the paper, such as notes & short communication,第十九页，编辑于星期二：一点 九分。,科学论文的组织,Organization of a scientific paper is more important than literary skillsThe readers are not interested in reading poetic sentences in a scientific paperbut scientific findings & factsScienti
13、sts must demand a system of data reportingthat is uniform, concise, & readily understandable,第二十页，编辑于星期二：一点 九分。,The format of a review paper,What is a Review paper?Reviewing recent work in a defined subject area or the work of a particular individual or groupSummarize information that has been publi
14、shedAnalyze Evaluate Synthesize information that has been published,第二十一页，编辑于星期二：一点 九分。,Questions,第二十二页，编辑于星期二：一点 九分。,二. 论文题目、作者署名及摘要的撰写Titles, authorships & Abstracts,第二十三页，编辑于星期二：一点 九分。,Structure of a paper,Title & ,Introduction,Materials & methods,Results,Discussion,第二十四页，编辑于星期二：一点 九分。,1. How to
15、write the TITLE of a paper,First impressions are strong impressions; therefore a title ought to be well studied, and to give, so far as its limits, a definite & concise indication of what is to come. - T.C. Allbutt,第二十五页，编辑于星期二：一点 九分。,Importance of the title,Most important fact: the title will be re
16、ad by thousands of people All words in the title should be chosen with great care The good title: the fewest possible words that adequately describe the content of the paperAn improperly titled paper may be lost & never reach its intended audience,第二十六页，编辑于星期二：一点 九分。,Length of the title,Occasionally, titles are too short: “Studies on riceOften titles are too long. Remove the waste words in titles, particularly at start such as: Studies on, Observations on, Investigations on, A, An, or The ,第二十七页
