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1、&句子结构 单元语法精讲一、句子成分 (1)主语(subject):一般位于句首,是谓语讲述的时象，表示所说的 “是什么”或“是谁”。由名词，代词，不定式，动名词，从句等或相当于名词的词或短语充当。1. Researchers are hoping to find a cure for the disease.研究者们希望能找到治愈这种疾病的方法。(名词) 2. I registered the car in my name. 我把车登记在我的名下。(代词)3. To see is to believe. 眼见为实。(不定式)4. Helping others is helping ourse
2、lves. 帮助别人就是帮助我们自己。(动名词短语)5. Who is to be in charge of the company has not been decided. 谁将掌管这家公司还没有定下来。(主语从句)(2)谓语(verb): 常位于主语之后，说明主语“做什么”“是什么”或“怎么样”。由动词或短语动词充当。谓语与主语在人称和数上须保持一-致。I find running concentrates the mind. 我发现跑步能使我集中心思。（3）宾语（object）:常位于及物动词或介词之后，表示动作的对象，承受着或结果。由名词，代词，数词，不定式，动名词，从句或相当于名词
3、的词或短语充当。 (1)简单宾语:一般由名词代词、数词、动词不定式(短语)、v-ing(短语)等充当。1. He is going to buy a dictionary.他打算买本词典。( 动词的宾语)2. We should learn from him.我们应向他学习。(介词的宾语)3. Jack decided to find a job in Paris. 杰克决定在巴黎找份工作。( 动词不定式短语作动词decided的宾语)(2)双宾语:间接宾语+直接宾语。直接宾语一般指的是动词所涉及的物。间接宾语一般是指承受动词所表示行为的人。间接宾语一般置于直接宾语之前。 Hand me th
4、e book, please (me间接宾语； book 直接宾语)(4)表语（adverbial）:位于连系动词之后，说明主语“是什么”或“怎么样”。由名词、数词、形容词副词、介词短语不定式，动名词、从句等充当。The baby is still asleep. Will you please make less noise? 宝宝还在睡觉，你小声点好吗? （形容词）(5)状语(adverbial):用来修饰动词、形容词副词或整个句子，表示行为发生的时间、地点、目的、原因、方式、程度等。由副词、介词短语、不定式、分词、从句或相当于副词的词或短语充当。Everybody is waiting
5、anxiously for the doctor.大家都在焦急地等着医生。(副词) (6)宾语补足语(object complement):位于宾语后，用来补充宾语的意义。由名词、形容词副词介词短语、不定式，动词-ing 形式、过去分词等充当。1. We must keep it a secret. 我们必须对此保密。名词短语）2. We saw her entering the room. 我们看见她进入了房间。（分词短语）3. We found everything in the lab in good order. 我们发现实验室里的东西都井然有序。（介词短语）（7）定语（attribu
6、te）：修饰名词或代词，用来描述人或事物的品质或特征的句子成分。形容词、名词、代词、数词、副词、介词短语定式（短语）、动名词（短语）、分词、从句等均可作定语。单个词作定语通常放在被修饰词的前面；短语或从句作定语则放在被修饰词的后面。Dalian is a beautiful city. 大连是一个美丽的城市。（形容词）He works in a trade company. 他在一家贸易公司上班。（名词）Is there any difference between spoken English and written English? 英语口语和书面语之间有什么不同呢。（过去分词）The m
7、an who is talking with a foreigner is my English teacher.正在和一个外国人说话的那个人是我的英语老师。（从句）8. 同位语（appositive）: 若两个语法单位指同一个人或事物，并且，句法功能也一样，那么，后一项称为前一项的同位语。如：This is my friend Harry. 这是我的朋友哈利。We students should study hard. 我们学生应该努力学习。【典例练习】一、判断下列句子中划线部分在句子中作什么成分.1. I like spring very much. _2. We enjoy playin
8、g football. _3. They offered me the job. _4. I found the book very interesting. _5. The woman in a yellow dress is our English teacher. _6. He was late for school because of the heavy rain. _7. We both come from Hunan Province. _答案：1. 谓语 2. 宾语 3. 直接宾语 4. 宾语补足语 5. 定语 6. 状语 7. 同位语二、指出下列句子划线部分是什么子成分:1.
9、 The students got on the school bus.2. He handed me the newspaper.3. I shall answer your question after class.4. What a beautiful Chinese painting!5. They went hunting together early in the morning.6. His job is to train swimmers.7. He took many photos of the palaces in Beijing.8. There is going to
10、be an American film tonight.9. He is to leave for Shanghai tomorrow.10. His wish is to become a scientist.11. He managed to finish the work in time.12. Tom came to ask me for advice.13. He found it important to master English.14. Do you have anything else to say?15. To be honest, your pronunciation
11、is not so good.16. Would you please tell me your address?17. He sat there, reading a newspaper.18. It is our duty to keep our classroom clean and tidy.19. He noticed a man enter the room.20. The apples tasted sweet.答案： 1、主语,定语;2、间接宾语:3、谓语,状语;4、定语:,5、状语，状语;6、定语,表语;7、宾语,状语;8、谓语,主语;9、谓语;10、主语，表语;11、谓语,
12、宾语;12、状语;13、形式宾语,真正宾语;14、宾语、定语;15、插入语，状语;16、宾语(间宾+直宾);17、 状语,状语;18、形式主语,表语,宾补;19、宾补;20、表语二、简单句的几种基本句型简单句有以下几种基本句型结构:主语+谓语(S+V)谓语是不及物动词，其后可加副词、介词短语等。例如:They sat together quietly. The students agreed. 主语+谓语+宾语(S+V+O)谓语是及物动词，宾语通常是名词、代词、动词不定式、v-ing 形式等。例如:He enjoys reading. Who knows the answer?主语+系动词+表
13、语(S+V+P)常见的系动词有be, look, sound, smell, taste, feel, become, turn, get等，表语通常是形容词、名词、代词等。该句式侧重说明主语的特征、身份等。例如:This is an English-Chinese dictionary.The dinner smells good.His face turned red.主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语(S+V+IO+DO)某些动词后的间接宾语可改为 to引导的短语，如: give, lend, pass,show, send 等，某些动词后的间接宾语可改为for引导的短语，如: buy, c
14、hoose, cook, make, sing 等。例如:He gave me a book=He gave a book to me.She bought her friend a present=She bought a present for her friend.主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语(S+V+O+OC)这类谓语动词主要有find, keep, feel, wish, think, name, call, ask, advise, teach, want, notice等。宾语补足语用来补充说明宾语的动作或状态，通常是形容词、名词、动词不定式、介词短语等。例如:He found his new task very challenging.She advised us to turn to local people for help. there be 句型英语中there be 句型结构表示“某处有某物”以通常被称为存在句。其中be为谓语动词，there be 后面的名词为句子的主语。there be 句型中be还可以用其他词替代，如live. exist, stand, lie, remain, go, come 等。There are many customers in the shop.There stands a tower in the mounta
