《语法层次、句子成分和句子类型(I)》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《语法层次、句子成分和句子类型(I)（14页珍藏版）》请在金锄头文库上搜索。
1、语法层次、句子成分和句子类型 (I) 一、语法层次 英语有五个语法层次，上一级语法单位由一个或多个下一级的语法单位构成。 自由词素：可以构成简洁词并能独立使用, 但不能被进一步切分，常作词根构成派 词素 生词，如work, luck, friend. 粘着词素：不行独立成词，也不行独立使用，只能作为词缀，附着在词根上， 如 worker lucky friendly中的-er, -y, -ly 简洁词：由一个自由词素构成的词，如上文的work, luck, friend. 词 派生词：由自由词素（作词根）加粘着词素（作词缀）构成，如worker lucky friendly。 复合词：由两个或
2、更多的自由词素合并而构成的词：police + man= policeman 名词词组：a close friend 动词词组：drive a car, to learn English, playing basketball 词组 形容词词组：very far 副词词组：so actively 介词词组: in the meeting 简洁句：只有一个“主语 + 谓语”结构的句子：He likes dancing. 并列句： 两个或多个简洁句通过并列连词and, but, or连接起来的句子: He likes 句子 dancing, but I like swimming. 简单句: 一个
3、句子的成分直接由另一个句子充当，该句便是简单句： 主语 谓语 宾语（从句） (简洁句） 段落：段落由一个或多个句子组成，表达相对完整的意思，一般在段首或段尾有主题句（topic sentence) 二、句子成分 句子成分的定义：构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。句子成分有主要成分和次要成分；主要成分有主语和谓语；次要成分包括表语、宾语、定语、状语、宾语补足语、同位语。 （一）主语：主语是一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首。但在there be结构、疑问句（当 主语不是疑问词时）和倒装句中，主语位于谓语、助动词或情态动词后面。主语可由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的形容词和主语从句等表示
4、。 请对下列句子的主语部分划线并指出其语法特征： During the 1990s, American country music has become more and more popular. We often speak English in class. One-third （of the students in this class）are girls. To swim in the river is a great pleasure. Smoking does harm to the health. The rich should help the poor. When we a
5、re going to have an English test has not been decided. It is necessary to master a foreign language. （二）谓语：谓语动词说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。动词在句中作谓语，一般 放在主语之后。谓语动词有时态、语态、单复数的变化。 （三）表语：表语用以说明主语的身份、特征和状态，它一般位于系动词（如be, become, get, look, grow, turn, seem，feel等）之后。表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、分词、数词、不定式、动名词、介词短语、副词及表语从句充当。 请对下列
6、句子的表语部分划线并指出其语法特征: Our teacher is an American. Is it yours? The weather has turned cold. The speech is exciting. Three times seven is twenty one. His job is to teach English. His hobby is playing football. Time is up. The truth is that he has never been abroad. （四）宾语：宾语表示动作的对象或承爱者，一般位于及物动词和介词后面。 请对下
7、列句子的宾语部分划线并指出其语法特征: They went to see an exhibition（展览）yesterday. The heavy rain prevented me from coming to school on time. How many dictionaries do you have? I have five. They helped the old with their housework yesterday. He pretended not to see me. I enjoy listening to popular music. I think（that
8、）he is fit for his office. 宾语种类：（1）双宾语（间接宾语+直接宾语），例如：Lend me your dictionary, please. Please show me the book. （2）复合宾语（宾语+宾补），例如：They elected (made) him their monitor. （五）宾语补足语：英语中有些及物动词，除有宾语外，还要有一个宾语补语，才能使句子的意义完整。带有宾语补足语的一般句型为：某些及物动词（如make/keep等+宾语+宾补）。宾补可由名词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短语和从句充当。 请对下列句子的宾语补足语划线
9、并指出其语法特征： His father named him Dongming. They painted their boat white. Let the fresh air in. You mustnt force him to lend his money to you. We saw her entering the room. We will soon make our city what your city is now. 思索题1：双宾语与宾语补足语的区分是什么？如何区分？ （六）定语：修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语，定语一般置于被修饰语之前，偶 尔也置于被修饰语之后（
10、something new / what else ），请分析以下句子，在定语处下划线，观看该定语的词性，并留意定语与其被修饰项的位置关系： Guilin is a beautiful city. China is a developing country; America is a developed country. There are thirty women teachers in our school. His rapid progress in English made us surprised. Our monitor is always the first to enter t
11、he classroom. He is the person I want to make friends with. He is reading an article about how to learn English. （七）状语：修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，说明动作或状态的特征的句子成分，叫 做状语。请对下列句子的状语部分划线并指出其语法特征： Light travels most quickly. He has lived in the city for ten years. I came here to help you. Wait a minute. Once you be
12、gin, you must continue. 状语种类如下（对状语划线）： How about meeting again at six?（时间状语） Last night she didnt go to the dance party because of the rain.（缘由状语） I shall go there if it doesnt rain.（条件状语） Mr. Smith lives on the third floor.（地点状语） She put the eggs into the basket with great care.（方式状语） She was so an
13、gry as to be unable to speak. （结果状语） She works very hard though she is old.（让步状语） He came here to help me. (目的状语） （八）同位语：一个名词(或其它形式)对另一个名词或代词进行修饰、限定或说明，这个 名词(或其它形式)就是同位语。同位语与被它限定的词的格要全都，并经常紧挨在一起。 Yesterday I met Tom, a friend of my brothers. 三、句子类型 （一）句子种类两种分类法 1.按句子的用途可分四种： 1）陈述句（确定、否定）：He is six y
14、ears old; She didnt hear of you before. 2）疑问句（一般、特别、选择、反意）：Do they like skating? How old is he? Is he six or seven years old? Mary can swim, cant she? 3）祈使句：Be careful, boys; Dont talk in class. 4）感叹句：How clever the boy is! 2.按句子的结构可分三种： 1）简洁句：只有一个“主语 + 谓语”结构的句子。 e.g. He often reads English in the morning. Tom and Mike are American boys. She likes drawing and often draws pictures for the wall newspapers. 2) 并列句：由并列连词（and, but, or等）或分号（;）把两个或两个以上的简洁句连在一起构 成。 e.g. You help him and he helps you. The future is bright; the road i
