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1、句子成分（一）句子成分的定义：构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。句子成分有主要成分和次要成分；主要成分有主语和谓语；次要成分有表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语和同位语。（二）主语：主语是一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首。但在there be 结构、疑问句（当主语不是疑问词时）和倒装句中，主语位于谓语、助动词或情态动词后面。主语可由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的形容词和主语从句等表示。例如：During the 1990s, American country music has become more and more popular.（名词）We often speak Englis
2、h in class.（代词）One-third of the students in this class are girls.（数词）To swim in the river is a great pleasure.（不定式）Smoking does harm to the health.（动名词）The rich should help the poor.（名词化的形容词）When we are going to have an English test has not been decided.（主语从句）It is necessary to master a foreign lang
3、uage.（ it 作形式主语，真正的主语为后面的不定式）（三） 谓语： 谓语说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。动词在句中作谓语，一般放在主语之后。谓语的构成如下：1、简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。如：He practices running every morning. 2、复合谓语：（1）由情态动词或其他助动词加动词原形构成。如： You may keep the book for two weeks. He has caught a bad cold. （ 2）由系动词加表语构成。如：We are students . （四） 表语： 表语用以说明主语的身份、特征和状态，它一般
4、位于系动词（如 be, become, get, look, grow, turn, seem 等）之后。表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、分词、数词、不定式、动名词、介词短语、副词及表语从句表示。例如：Our teacher of English is an American .（名词）精品学习资料 可选择p d f - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 第 1 页，共 15 页 - - - - - - - - -精品学习资料 可选择p d f - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 第 1 页，共 15 页 - - - - - - - - -Is it you
5、rs ?（代词）The weather has turned cold .（形容词）The speech is exciting .（分词）-ing 形式作adj. ，故为现在分词，而非动名词Three times seven is twenty one ?（数词）His job is to teach English.（不定式）His hobby （爱好）is playing football.（动名词）-ing 形式作n.，故为动名词，而非现在分词The machine must be out of order.（介词短语）Time is up. The class is over.（副词
6、）The truth is that he has never been abroad.（表语从句）（五）宾语：宾语表示动作的对象或承受者，一般位于及物动词和介词后面。例如：They went to see an exhibition（展览）yesterday. （名词）The heavy rain prevented me from coming to school on time.（代词）How many dictionaries do you have? I have five .（数词）They helped the old with their housework yesterday
7、.（名词化形容词）He pretended not to see me .（不定式短语）I enjoy listening to popular music.（动名词短语）-ing 形式作n.，故为动名词，而非现在分词I think（that）he is fit for his office.（宾语从句）宾语种类：（ 1）双宾语（间接宾语+直接宾语），例如：Lend me your dictionary, please. 双宾语（直接宾语+to+ 间接宾语），例如：Lend your dictionary to me, please. （ 2）复合宾语（宾语+宾补），例如：They elect
8、ed him their monitor. （六）宾语补足语：英语中有些及物动词，除有一个直接宾语以外，还要有一个宾语补足语，才能使句子的意义完整。带有宾语补足语的一般句型为：某些及物动词（如make/have 等 +宾语 +宾补）。宾补可由名词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短语和从句充当。例如：精品学习资料 可选择p d f - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 第 2 页，共 15 页 - - - - - - - - -精品学习资料 可选择p d f - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 第 2 页，共 15 页 - - - - - - - - -H
9、is father named him Dongming .（名词）They painted their boat white .（形容词）Let the fresh air in .（副词）You mustn t force him to lend his money to you.（不定式短语）We saw her entering the room.（现在分词）-ing 形式强调动作，故为现在分词，而非动名词We found everything in the lab in good order.（介词短语）We will soon make our city what your cit
10、y is now.（从句）（七）定语：修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语。定语可由以下等成分表示：Guilin is a beautiful city. （形容词）China is a developing country; America is a developed country.（分词）-ing 形式作adj. 且与 country 有主谓关系There are thirty women teachers in our school.（名词）His rapid progress in English made us surprised.（代词）Our monitor is alwa
11、ys the first to enter the classroom.（不定式短语）The teaching plan for next term has been worked out.（动名词）-ing 形式作n.，故为动名词，而非现在分词He is reading an article about how to learn English.（介词短语）【拓展】现在分词与动名词的区别动名词 (gerund)就是名词 ,只是保有一些动词的功能.所以它在句中可以作主语,宾语 ,表语 ,同位语 ,定语等那些名词可以充当的成分. 现在分词 (present participle)相当于形容词,在
12、句中作定语或者状语所以当 -ing 形式出现在句中作主语,宾语 ,同位语时 ,它肯定是动名词. 当-ing 形式出现在句中作状语时,它肯定是现在分词. 它们有可能被弄错的是作表语和定语时.其实也很好区分1. 作表语 : 我们知道 , 名词和形容词都可以作表语. This is water(n.). It is transparent(adj). 这时你肯定能明白,如果 -ing 作表语相当于n.它就是动名词. 反之相当于adj.时它就是现在分词. The situation both at home and abroad is very inspiring. One of the best e
13、xercises is swimming. 2. 作定语时的区别我在回答中已经解释了. 动名词作定语时，表示它所修饰的名词的性能和用途，和它所修精品学习资料 可选择p d f - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 第 3 页，共 15 页 - - - - - - - - -精品学习资料 可选择p d f - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 第 3 页，共 15 页 - - - - - - - - -饰的名词在逻辑上没有主谓关系；现在分词作定语时，表示它所修饰的名词正在进行的动作，和它所修饰的名词在逻辑上有主谓关系. a sleeping bag.(用途 )
14、=a bag for sleeping a sleeping child = a child is sleeping (child 是 sleep的主语 ,sleep 是 child 发出的动作 ) a swimming girl / a swimming pool 3. 最后来解释到底该用adv.还是 adj.来修饰他们无论是 Present participle. 还是 gerund, 它们都叫做动词的-ing 形式 (所以若有人分不清它们时,多把它们混为一谈 ).也就是说它们都有动词的特点,故而都可用adv 修饰 . eg: Reading a novel intently, I did
15、n t realize he came in. (reading, 现分作状语 , 用 adv intently 修饰 ) eg: My dream is speaking English perfectly. (speaking 动名词 ,副词 perfectly 修饰 .) 但动名词不仅有动词的特点,它也有名词的特点,这就决定了它也可以像名词一样用物主代词,形容词来修饰 . Would you mind my (物主代词 ) sitting here? The mellow( 愉快的 , 形容词 ) singing of the birds announces the coming of
16、spring.（八）状语：修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，说明动作或状态特征的句子成分，叫做状语。可由以下形式表示：Light travels most quickly .（副词及副词性词组）He has lived in the city for ten years .（介词短语）He is proud to have passed the national college entrance examination.（不定式短语）He is in the room making a model plane.（分词短语）Wait a minute .（名词）Once you begin , you must continue.（状语从句）状语种类如下：How about meeting again at six ?（时间状语）Last night she didnt go to the dance party because of the rain.（原因状语）I shall go there if it doesn t rain.（条件状语）Mr. Smith lives on t
