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1、第一章：段落结构(THE STRUCTURE OF PARAGRAPH)一、段落关系一般来说，段落主要由三部分组成，即主题仂、的扩展化和结论心J。主题句足篇章的核心，它表明作者的态度、观点、意图等，同吋反映了段落的中心思想。 主题句应具备：一是明确的观点，二是有一定的概括性，能用其它句子来解释、描述、分析 等。扩展句主要围绕着主题句进行叙述，说明或论述等。扩展句必须叨确、的具体。总结句 指川一句话将某一主汽进行归纳总结或概拈，旮吋还起承上启下的作川。总结ZnJ耑要与主题 呼应，引发读者对段落主题的进一步汄识。总之，篇章的主题必须统-，内容完整、结构连 贯，长度适度。段落的扩展对构成一篇文章，展
2、示文章的主题，冇着举足轻重的作用。常用 的方式有：1、排列顺序：既按照内容的主次、时间的先后或位置的先后來进行论证，陈述或解释。 常川的词语脊：first / firstly, second / secondly, furthermore, finally, above all, first and most important, to begin / start with, in the second place, moreover, to conclude, next，then, afterward lastly, in the end, eventually.2、比较和对比：一般来说，比
3、较包括相同点和相异点。对比则仅指相异点。常见的词及词组有： in comparison(with)，likewise，similarly, in the same way，equally，but, in contrast With / to, instead, conversely, on the contrary, in / by contrast，while. Correspondingly.3、因果和推理：这种段落发展方式通常用于解释某件事发生的原因和结果。经常川到的因果关系的动词和动词调组脊：cause, produce, lead to, bring about, result fr
4、om, be due to, have an effect on，result in.因果X系的连接同有：due to，the fact that, for the simple reason, because (of), so that， consequently，hence, as a result, accordingly，therefore, so long as，so, thus，owing to, now that，for / as, since.4、举例：用实例来说明作者的观点是举例段落的发展方式。采用举例的方式，使文章内 容更加充实，里富有内涵。常用丁年例的W和划组有：such
5、 as, for example, for instance, as an illustration, to illustrate, a case in point, as follows Just as, including, like.段落的组成：引异川(Introductory Sentence)主题句(Topic Sentence )扩域句(Developing Sentence 1)扩展句(Developing Sentence 2)扩展句(Developing Sentence 3)结论句(Concluding Sentence)二、段落主题句和段落矿展句Topic sentenc
6、e:My home town is a beautiful place. It stands beside a wide river at the foot of low green hills. It has many fine buildings and wide streets. There are trees and flowers everywhere.Topic sentence:Water is important to people in more ways than you might think.根据这个主题句，写出后面的扩展句。Not only do we need wa
7、ter in cooking and washing, but also in plants，which also need water（扩 展心J 1） we eat plants and animals that live on water.（扩嫉Lj 2） To make the world go well, water becomes something quiet necessary（扩展句 3） For these reasons wc may say that without water，there could be no life.（结论句）Topic sentence:In
8、Chinese culture，most of the people value family relationships.Many people prefer large families instead of smaller ones，including perhaps three generations: grandparents，parents and grandchildren.（扩展句 1）When young people got married and could afford a bigger house, they consider getting parents livi
9、ng together with them. After a baby was born, the grandparents are quite willing to help the younger couple to look after it.（扩展句 2）Young parents and grandparents show great concern to each other. Even if not being able to go on living with their seniors, young couples will try their best to go back
10、 to their parents because the majority of the Chinese attach great importance to family relationships.（矿展句 3）This emphasis on families is deeply-rooted in our Chinese culture.（结论7hj）Exercise 1 分别给下面段落填写主题句。1. ，generally, the standardof education is higher. This is because colleges and universities h
11、ave up-to-date equipment and other resources. Also, teachers and lectures are highly-skilled professionals who are aware of all the latest developments in their fields of interest. A final point is that the overseas qualifications which a student obtains are valid usually anywhere in the world.2. ，E
12、very day there arcopportunities to practice listening to and speaking with Australians. Also, students can experience the culture first-hand，which is a great help when trying to understand the language. This is especially true if they choose to live with Australians，as part of a home-stay family, fo
13、r example. Furthermore, if students attend a language school full-time, the teachers will be native speakers.3. ，One example is theword graft.” The verb to graft first meant merely to work. English people once used the word in such expressions as “Where are you grafting?” meaning “Where are you work
14、ing?”. From this perfectly respectable meaning，the word has gradually changed. Today graft refers to illegal gains won by dishonest politicians.【Exercise 2】根据文意，重组卜面的段落：A. Certainly TV can be a powerful educational tool. People can learn about situations and problems far away, and begin to understan
15、d different cultures. Many informative documentaries about nature，news，and social issues are made now, and these can stimulate people to action. People in isolated areas can know for themselves what is happening in the world. This gives them the power to make their own decisions and form their own o
16、pinions.B. In my opinion，television is the most important technological development. Nowadays almost everyone in the world has access to TV. Television has caused significant changes in family life and education. Some of these changes have been positive while others have been negative.C. However, the changes have not all been positive. Before television was widely available, families spent more
