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1、句 子 成 分Members of a Sentence*句子成分由词词或词组词组 充当英语语的基本成分有七种：_和_主语语(subject)、谓语谓语 (predicate)、表语语(predicative)、 宾语宾语 (object)、定语语(attribute)、状语语(adverbial)补语补语 (complement)英语语句子的基本结结构可以归纳归纳 成五种基本句型及其扩扩大、组组合、省略或倒装。掌握这五种基本句型, 是掌握各种英语句子结构的基础。一: (主谓谓)二: (主系表)三: (主谓谓宾宾)四: (主谓谓间宾间宾 直宾宾)五: (主谓谓宾宾宾补宾补 )基本句型 一:(主
2、谓谓)主语: 可以作主语的成分有名词, 主格代词, 动词不定式, 动名词等等。主语一般在句首。谓语: 谓语由动词构成, 是英语时态、语态变化的主角, 一般在主语之后。不及物动词(vi.)没有宾语, 形成主谓结构。如: We come.(不及物动词动词 )1. The sunrose. 2. Who cares? 3. What he said does not matter. 4. They talked for half an hour. 5. The pen writes smoothly此句型的句子有一个共同特点, 即句子的谓语动词都能表达完整的意思。这类动词叫做不及物动词，后面可以跟副
3、词、介词短语、状语从句等。基本句型二:(主系表)此句型的句子有一个共同的特点: 句子谓语动词都不能表达一个完整的意思, 必须加上一个表明主语身份或状态的表语构成复合谓语, 才能表达完整的意思。这类动词叫做连系动词。系动词动词 分两类类: be, look, keep, seem等, 表情况; get, grow, become, turn等属另一类类, 表变变化。be 本身没有什么意义义, 只起连连系主语语和表语语的作用。其它系动词动词 仍保持其部分词义词义 。感官动词动词 多可用作连连系动词动词 : look well/面色好, sound nice/听起来不错错, feel good/感觉
4、觉好, smell bad/难闻难闻 (是系动词动词 ) (表语语) 1. Thisisan English-Chinese dictionary. 2. The dinnersmellsgood. 3. Hefellin love. 4. Everythinglooksdifferent. 5. Heis growingtall and strong. 6. Our wellhas gonedry. 7. His faceturnedred. *There be 结结构: There be 表示存在有。这这里的there没有实际实际 意义义, 不可与副词词there那里混淆。 此结结构后跟名
5、词词, 表示“(存在)有某事物”。试试比较较: There is a boy there. (那儿有一个男孩)前一个there无实实意, 后一个there为为副词词那里。基本句型 三: (主谓谓宾宾)此句型句子的共同特点是：谓语动词谓语动词都具有实义实义, 都是主语产语产 生的动动作, 但不能表达完整的意思, 必须须跟有一个宾语宾语, 即动动作的承受者, 才能使意思完整。这类动词这类动词 叫做及物动词动词 。(及物动词动词 )(宾语宾语 )1. Whoknowsthe answer? 2. He has refusedto help them. 3. Heenjoysreading. 4. H
6、esaid“Good morning.”5. Headmitsthat he was mistaken. 基本句型 四: (主谓谓间宾间宾 直宾宾)有些及物动词动词 可以有两个宾语宾语 , e.g. give/pass/bring/show。这这两个宾语宾语 通常一个指人(间间接宾语宾语 ); 一个指物(直接宾语宾语 )。-Give me a cup of tea please.-Show this house to Mr. Smith.-Bring it to me, please. (及物)(多指人)(多指物)1.Sheorderedherselfa new dress. 2.2. Heb
7、roughtyoua dictionary. 3. Ishowedhimmy pictures. 4. Itoldhimthat the bus was late. 5. Heshowedmehow to run the machine. 基本句型 五: (主谓谓宾宾宾补宾补 )此句型的句子的共同特点是: 动词虽动词虽 然是及物动词动词 , 但是只跟一个宾语还宾语还 不能表达完整的意思, 必须须加上一个补补充成分来补补足宾语宾语 , 才能使意思完整。宾语补宾语补 足语语: 位于宾语宾语 之后对宾语对宾语 作出说说明的成分。可以用作宾语补足语的有名词, 形容词, 不定式,动名词, 分词, 介词短
8、语等。The war made him a soldier.New methods make the job easy.I often find him at work.The teacher ask the students to close the windows.I saw a cat running across the road.名词词/代词宾词宾 格 + n./adj./ 介词词短语语/动词动词 不定式/分词词 (及物) (宾语宾语 ) (宾补宾补 ) 1. Theypaintedthe doorgreen. 2. Thissetthem thinking. 3. Theyfoun
9、dthe housedeserted. 4. Heaskedmeto come back soon. 5. I sawthemgetting on the bus. a. b. c. d. e. 1. Pleas tell us a story. _2. She smiled. _3. I have a lot work to do. _4. His job is to train swimmers. _5. He noticed a man enter the room. _6. Please look at the picture. _daebec但常用的英语语句子并不都象基本句型这样这样
10、简简短, 除了基本句型的成分不变变外, 通常是在这这些成分的前面或后面增加一些修饰语饰语 而加以扩扩大。这这些修饰语饰语 可以是单词单词 (adj./adv./num. 数词词)短语语 (主要是介词词短语语、不定式短语语和分词词短语语)。我们们称之为为: 定语语、状语语The little boy needs a blue pen. 一、 定语语：定语语是对对名词词或代词词起修饰饰、限定作用的词词、短语语或句子, 译为译为 的。定语通常位于被修饰的成分前。复合不定代词(something/nothing)之后；不定式/分词短语/从句作定语时要放在被修饰的成分后；副词用作定语时须放在名词之后。T
11、wo boys need two pens.His name is Tom.The boy in blue is Tom.The boy there needs a pen.The boy needs a ball pen. There is nothing to do today.The pen bought by her is made in China.The boy you will know is Tom. 二、状语语：状语语修饰饰动词动词 、形容词词、副词词或全句的句子成分, 说说明方式、因果、条件、时间时间 、地点、让让步、方向、程度、目的等。-The boy needs a p
12、en now.-The boy needs a pen very much.可用作状语的有副词, 不定式, 分词, 介词短语, 从句等。 In the classroom, the boy needs a pen. 在教室里, 男孩需要一支钢钢笔。(地点状语语)Before his mother, Tom is always a boy. 在母亲亲面前, 汤汤姆总总是一个男孩子。(条件状语语)On Sundays, there is no student in the classroom. 星期天, 教室里没有学生。 (时间时间 状语语) 介词词短语语作状语语：分词词(短语语)作状语语：He
13、sits there, asking for a pen.他坐在那儿要一支笔。(表示伴随状态)Having to finish his homework, the boy needs a pen.因为不得不完成作业, 男孩需要一支笔。(原因状语)Frightened, he sits there soundlessly.(因为)受了惊吓, 他无声地坐在那儿。(原因状语)The boy needs a pen to do his homework.男孩需要一支笔写家庭作业业。(目的状语语)To make his dream come true, Tom becomes very interest
14、ed in business.为实现为实现 梦想, 汤汤姆变变得对对商业业很有兴兴趣. 不定式作状语语：状语从句：时间状语从句、地点状语从句、原因状语从句、结果状语从句、目的状语从句、比较状语从句、让步状语从句、条件状语从句 -We chatted as we walked along.-Even if she laughs at him, he adores her.三、同位语语：同位语语 当两个指同一事物的句子成分放在同等位置时时, 一个句子成分用来说说明和解释释另一个句子成分, 这这个句子成分就叫做它的同位语语。We students should study hard. (studen
15、ts是we的同位语语, 都是指同一批“学生”)We all are students. (all是we的同位语语, 都指同样样的“我们们”)四、独立成分：与全句没有语语法关系的句子成分叫做句子的独立成分。感叹词叹词 : oh, hello, aha, ah,等。肯定词词: yes否定词词: no称呼语语: 称呼人的用语语。插入语语: 一些句中插入的 I think, I believe,等。如: The story, I think, has never come to the end. 我相信, 这这个故事还远还远 没结结束.(一) 挑出下列句中的宾语宾语 My brother hasnt
16、done his homework. People all over the world speak English. How many new words did you learn last class? Some of the students in the school want to go swimming, how about you? The old man sitting at the gate said he was ill.(二) 挑出下列句中的表语语- The old man was feeling very tired.- The leaves have turned yellow.- Soon They all became interested in the subject.(三) 挑出下列句中的定语语1. What is your given name?2. I am afraid some people forgot to sweep the floor.3. The man downstairs was trying to sleep.4. I am
