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1、2020复旦大学翻译硕士考研真题回忆最全整理基础英语1.词汇语法题1*20（单词可按GRE单词准备）2.阅读理解三篇10*3（每篇5题 星火专八难度左右）A.讨论为什么只有人有下颌，是进化还是什么原因？以下疑似第一篇阅读原文：Why we have chins: Researchers contend chin comes from evolution, not mechanical forcesby Richard C. Lewis , University of IowaWe have one feature that primates, Neanderthals, archaic hum
2、ansany species, for that matterdont possess: a chin.In some way, it seems trivial, but a reason why chins are so interesting is were the only ones who have them, says Nathan Holton, who studies craniofacial features and mechanics at the University of Iowa. Its unique to us.New research led by Holton
3、 and colleagues at the UI posits that our chins dont come from mechanical forces such as chewing, but instead results from an evolutionary adaptation involving face size and shapepossibly linked to changes in hormone levels as we became more societally domesticated.The finding, if true, may help set
4、tle a debate thats gone on intermittently for more than a century why modern humans have chins and how they came to be.Using advanced facial and cranial biomechanical analyses with nearly 40 people whose measurements were plotted from toddlers to adults, the UI team concludes mechanical forces, incl
5、uding chewing, appear incapable of producing the resistance needed for new bone to be created in the lower mandible, or jaw area. Rather, they write in a paper published online in the Journal of Anatomy, it appears the chins emergence in modern humans arose from simple geometry: As our faces became
6、smaller in our evolution from archaic humans to todayin fact, our faces are roughly 15 percent shorter than Neanderthalsthe chin became a bony prominence, the adapted, pointy emblem at the bottom of our face.University of Iowa researchers find that we develop chins as our head size increases, from c
7、hildhood to adulthood. At about 4 years of age (left), we have little indication of a chin, but by our 20s, we have a prominent point at the bottom of our faces. Credit: Nathan Holton lab, University of IowaIn short, we do not find any evidence that chins are tied to mechanical function and in some
8、cases we find that chins are worse at resisting mechanical forces as we grow, says Holton, assistant professor and anthropologist in the Department of Orthodontics at the UI College of Dentistry. Overall, this suggests that chins are unlikely related to the need to dissipate stresses and strains and
9、 that other explanations are more likely to be correct.More intriguing, UI anthropologists led by Robert Franciscus think the human chin is a secondary consequence of our lifestyle change, starting about 80,000 years ago and picking up great steam with modern humans migration from Africa about 20,00
10、0 years later. What happened was this: Modern humans evolved from hunter-gatherer groups that were rather isolated from each other to increasingly cooperative groups that formed social networks across the landscape. These more connected groups appear to have enhanced the degree to which they express
11、ed themselves in art and other symbolic mediums.Males in particular became more tranquil during this period, less likely to fight over territory and belongings, and more willing to make alliances, evidenced by exchanging goods and ideas, that benefited each and all.The change in attitude was tied to
12、 reduced hormone levels, namely testosterone, resulting in noticeable changes to the male craniofacial region: One big shift was the face became smallerretrenching in effecta physiological departure that created a natural opportunity for the human chin to emerge.What were arguing is that modern huma
13、ns had an advantage at some point to have a well-connected social network, they can exchange information, and mates, more readily, theres innovation, saysFranciscus, who was on the team that first laid out the theory in a paper published last August in the journal Current Anthropology and is a contr
14、ibuting author on the current paper, and for that to happen, males have to tolerate each other. There had to be more curiosity and inquisitiveness than aggression, and the evidence of that lies in facial architecture.The new study buttresses that argument, in that it seems to rule out the chin arose
15、 from mechanical exertion, such as chewing.The researchers examined how the jaw region generally reacted to two forcesvertical bending and wishboning. In wishboning, one side of the jaw is pulled outward, resulting in compression in the outer part of the chin. In vertical bending, the ramusthe poste
16、rior more or less vertical part on each side of the lower jawsplays outward, tensing the chin area. In both instances, the thinking went, the chin area is being mechanically stressed; on a microscopic level, new bone is being created, much like lifting weights creates little tears that allows new muscle to be created. Thus, arose the theory that mechanical forces, such as chewing, led to our chins.But in examinations from periodic measureme
